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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: (s)k^u̯alo-s (type of large fish, e.g. whale)

Semantic Field: Fish (n)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	hwæl	n.masc	whale	RPN
Middle English:	whale	n	whale	W7
English:	narwhal	n	arctic cetacean	AHD/W7
	rorqual	n	large whalebone whale	AHD/W7
	squalene	n	acyclic hydrocarbon	AHD/W7
	whale	n	large aquatic mammal (order Cetacea)	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	walvisch	n	whale	TLL
Old High German:	(h)wal	n	whale	RPN
German:	Wahl	n.masc	whale	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hvalr	n	whale	W7
	nāhvalr	n	narwhal	W7
	reyþarhvalr	n	rorqual	W7
Old Icelandic:	hvalr	n	whale	RPN
Icelandic:	hvalr	n	whale	ASD
	nárhvalur	n	narwhal	W7
Faeroese:	hvalur	n	whale	RPN
Norwegian:	rørhval	n	rorqual	W7
Danish:	hval	n	whale	RPN
	narhval	n	narwhal	W7
Swedish:	narval	n	narwhal	W7
	val	n	whale	RPN
Italic
Latin:	squalus	n.masc	(kind of) sea fish	RPN
French:	rorqual	n.masc	rorqual	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	kalis	n	shad	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	kara-	n	mythological fish	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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