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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: snā-, snə-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et- 'to flow, swim; damp'

Semantic Fields: to Flow; to Swim; Wet, Damp

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	snyflan	vb	to snivel	W7
Middle English:	nurishen	vb	to nourish	W7
	nurse	n	nurse	W7
	nurture	n	nurture	W7
	snacchen	vb	to snap, seize	W7
	sniffen	vb	to sniff	W7
	snivelen	vb	to snivel	W7
	snubben	vb	to snub	W7
	snute	n	snout	W7
English:	chersonese	n	peninsula	AHD/W7
	naiad	n	water-nymph (Greek mythology)	AHD/W7
	natant	adj	swimming/floating in water	AHD/W7
	natation	n	act/art of swimming	AHD
	natatorial	adj	re: swimming	AHD
	natatorium	n	place for swimming	AHD/W7
	nekton	n	free-swimming aquatic animal	AHD/W7
	neuston	n	minute/microscopic organisms inhabiting water surface	AHD
	nourish	vb.trans	to rear, nurture	AHD/W7
	nurse	n	woman who suckles infant not her own	AHD/W7
	nurse	vb	to nourish, suckle at breast	AHD/W7
	nurture	n	training, upbringing	AHD/W7
	nutrient	adj	furnishing nourishment	AHD/W7
	nutriment	n	something that nourishes/promotes growth	AHD/W7
	nutrition	n	nourishing, being nourished	AHD/W7
	nutritious	adj	nourishing	AHD/W7
	nutritive	adj	nutritious	AHD
	schnauzer	n	(German breed of) rough-haired terrier	AHD/W7
	schnoz	n.sl	human nose	AHD
	snap	n	abrupt closure, biting/snapping	W7
	snap	vb	to suddenly close jaws, seize sharply in mouth	AHD/W7
	snatch	vb	to seize suddenly	AHD/W7
	sniff	vb	to draw air audibly into nose	AHD/W7
	sniffle	vb.freq	to snuffle, sniff repeatedly	W7
	snip	n	bit, fragment, small snipped-off piece	AHD/W7
	snip	vb	to cut (off) with shears/scissors	AHD/W7
	snivel	vb.intrans	to snuffle, run at the nose	AHD/W7
	snoop	vb.intrans	to look/pry in sneaking/meddlesome manner	AHD/W7
	snot	n.vulg	phlegm, nasal mucus	AHD
	snout	n	long projecting nose (e.g. of swine)	AHD/W7
	snub	vb.trans	to rebuke, check/stop with cutting retort	AHD/W7
	snuff	vb	to draw forcibly through/into nostrils	AHD/W7
	snuffle	vb	to sniff/snuff audibly/repeatedly	AHD/W7
	supernatant	adj	floating on water surface	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	snacken	vb	to snap at	W7
Dutch:	snappen	vb	to snap	W7
	snoepen	vb	to buy/eat on the sly	W7
	snuffelen	vb	to snuffle	W7
	snuffen	vb	to sniff, snuff	W7
Low German:	snappen	vb	to snap	W7
Middle High German:	snappen	vb	to snap	W7
German:	Nekton	n	nekton	W7
	Schnappen	n.neut	snap	LRC
	schnappen	vb	to snap, catch, snatch	LRC
	Schnauze	n.fem	snout, muzzle	W7
	Schnauzer	n.neut	schnauzer	W7
	schnüffeln	vb	to snuffle	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	snubba	vb	to scold	W7
Icelandic:	sneypa	vb	to scold	W7
Italic
Latin:	chersonesus	n.masc	chersonese	W7
	nāias, nāiadis	n.fem	naiad	W7
	natans, natantis	vb.ptc	swimming	W7
	natatus	vb.ptc	having swam	W7
	nato, natare	vb.freq	to swim	W7
	no, nāre	vb	to swim	W7
	nutricius	adj	nourishing	W7
	nutriens, nutrientis	vb.pres.ptc	nourishing	W7
	nutrimentum	n.neut	nutriment, nourishment	W7
	nūtrio, nūtrire	vb	to nourish, suckle	W7
	nutritus	vb.ptc	nourished, suckled	W7
	nūtrix, nūtrīcis	n.fem	nurse	W7
	supernatans, supernatantis	vb.pres.ptc	swimming over	W7
	supernato, supernatare	vb	to float	W7
Late Latin:	natatorium	n.neut	place for swimming	W7
	nutritio, nutritionis	n.fem	nutrition	W7
	nutritura	n.fem	act of nursing	W7
Old French:	norrir	vb	to nourish, suckle	W7
	nurice	n.fem	nurse	W7
Middle French:	norriture	n.fem	food, nourishment	W7
	nutrition	n.fem	nutrition	W7
French:	naïade	n.fem	naiad	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	νάω	vb	to flow	LS
	νέω	vb	to swim, float	LS
	νη̃σος	n.masc	island	LRC
	νήχω	vb	to swim	LRC
	νότιος	adj	wet, damp, moist	LRC
	χέρσος	n	shore, dry land	LRC
Greek:	νᾱϊάς	n.fem	naiad: river-nymph	LS
	nēktos	adj	swimming	W7
	χερσό-νησος	n.fem	chersonese	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
freq	=	frequentative (aspect)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
sl	=	slang
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
vulg	=	vulgar

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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