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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: solo-, sol(e)u̯o- 'whole, well-kept, salubrious'

Semantic Field: Whole

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	sage	n	sage	W7
	saluten	vb	to salute	W7
	sauf	prep	save	W7
	saven	vb	to save	W7
	solemne	adj	solemn	W7
	soliciten	vb	to disturb, take charge of	W7
	solide	adj	solid	W7
	soudier	n	soldier	W7
	soudure	n	solder	W7
English:	catholic	adj	universal, comprehensive	AHD/W7
	consolidate	vb	to unite, join together	AHD/W7
	hol(o)-	pfx	whole, entire	AHD
	insouciance	n	nonchalance, lighthearted unconcern	W7
	insouciant	adj	nonchalant, re: insouciance	AHD
	safe	adj	unhurt, freed from harm/risk	AHD/W7
	sage	n	mint (herb)	AHD/W7
	salubrious	adj	healthful, beneficial, re: health/well-being	AHD/W7
	salutary	adj	curative, promoting health	AHD/W7
	salute	n	greeting, expression of good will	W9
	salute	vb	to greet/address with courtesy/kind wishes	AHD/W7
	salvage	n	compensation paid for saving/rescuing ship/cargo/persons from perils of sea	AHD/W7
	salvo	n	simultaneous discharge of multiple guns	AHD/W7
	save	prep	barring, excepting	AHD/W7
	save	vb	to deliver from sin	AHD/W7
	solder	n	metal/alloy melted to join objects	AHD/W7
	soldier	n	one in military service	AHD/W7
	solemn	adj	marked by invocation of religious sanction	AHD/W7
	solicit	vb	to entreat, make petition to	AHD/W7
	solicitous	adj	anxious, concerned, apprehensive	AHD/W7
	solid	adj	having interior filled with matter	AHD/W7
	sou	n	sol (old French coin)	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	cieo, ciēre	vb	to move	W7
	citus	adj	fast	W7
	consolidatus	vb.ptc	consolidated	W7
	consolido, consolidare	vb	to make solid	W7
	salubris	adj	salubrious	W7
	salus, salūtis	n.fem	health, safety, soundness	RPN
	salutaris	adj	salutary	W7
	salutatio, salutationis	n.fem	saluting	LRC
	saluto, salutāre	vb	to salute	W7
	salve	vb.imp	hail!	W7
	salveo, salvēre	vb	to be healthy	W7
	salvia	n.fem	sage	W7
	salvus	adj	safe, sound, healthy, unhurt	RPN
	solido, solidāre	vb	to make solid	W7
	solidus	adj	solid	W7
	sollemnis	adj	solemn, regularly appointed	W7
	sollicito, sollicitāre	vb	to disturb, ask for	W7
	sollicitus	adj	anxious	W7
	sollus	adj	whole	W7
Late Latin:	catholicus	adj	general, universal	W7
	salvo, salvāre	vb	to save	W7
	solidus	adj	solid	W7
Portuguese:	saúde	n	health	TLL
Spanish:	salud	n.fem	health	TLL
	saludo	n.masc	salute	LRC
Old French:	salver	vb	to save	W7
	sauf	adj	safe	W7
	sauf	conj	save, except	W7
	sol	n.masc	sou, coin, centime piece	W7
	soudier	n.masc	soldier, employee	W7
	soulde	n.fem	pay	W7
Middle French:	catholique	adj	re: Roman Catholic Church	W7
	salutaire	adj	salutary	W7
	salvage	n.masc	salvation	W7
	salver	vb	to save	W7
	sauge	n.fem	sage	W7
	solemne	adj	solemn	W7
	solide	adj	solid	W7
	solliciter	vb	to solicit, ask for	W7
	souder	vb	to solder	W7
	soudure	n.fem	solder	W7
French:	salut	n.masc	health; salute	TLL
	sou	n.masc	a coin	W7
Italian:	salute	n.fem	health	TLL
	saluto	n.masc	salute	LRC
	salva	n.fem	salvo, volley	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	katholikos	adj	general, universal	W7
	καθ-όλου	adv	in general	LS
	ʽόλος	adj	whole, entire, complete	RPN
	ʽόλως	adv	wholly, entirely	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	olǰ	adj	whole, healthy	RPN
Iranian
Old Persian:	haruva-	adj	all	RPN
Avestan:	haurva-	adj	whole, entire	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	sárva-ḥ	pron/adv	all, whole; completely	RPN
	sarvátāti	n	totality, completeness	RPN
Pali:	sabba-	adj	all	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	solme	adv	completely, altogether	RPN
Tocharian A:	salu	adv	entirely, completely	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
fem	=	feminine (gender)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)
W9	=	Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983)

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