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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. stel- 'to put, place'

Semantic Field: to Put, Place, Set, Lay

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	apostol	n.masc	apostle	W7
	ge-steald	n.str.neut	dwelling	GED
	hæg(e)-steald/heh-steald	n.str.neut	youth, bachelor, servant	GED/ASD
	hagu-steald/hago-steald	n.str.neut	youth, bachelor, servant	GED/ASD
	stealc	adj	lofty	W7
	stealdan	vb.str.VII	to have, possess	IEW/GED
	steall	n.masc	stall, place, (standing) position	IEW/ASD
	stellan/stillan	vb	to set, place	IEW/ASD
	stole	n.fem	stole	W7
Middle English:	apostel/apostle	n	apostle	MEV/W7
	epistle	n	epistle	W7
	forstall	n	act of waylaying	W7
	stale	adj	stale	W7
	stalke	n	stalk	W7
	stall	n	stall	W7
	stallion	n	stallion	W7
	stille	adj	still	W7
	stilte	n	stilt	W7
	stole	n	stole	W7
	stout	adj	stout	W7
English:	apostle	n	one sent (on mission)	AHD/W7
	collocate	vb	to put in place	TLL
	couch	n	long cushioned seating	TLL
	diastole	n	rhythmically recurrent expansion	AHD/W7
	epistle	n	letter (in New Testament)	AHD/W7
	gestalt	n	integration of physical/biological/psychological phenomena	AHD/W7
	install	vb.trans	to put/set in place	AHD/W7
	installment	n	periodic part in which debt is paid	AHD/W7
	local	adj	re: (nearby) locale/position	W7
	locale	n	site, place, scene	W7
	locate	vb	to place, settle, establish site/limits	W7
	locavore	n	one who prefers locally grown food	LRC
	locus	n	locale, position	LRC
	pedestal	n	foot/support of late classic/neoclassic column	AHD/W7
	peristalsis	n	successive waves of hollow muscle contraction	AHD/W7
	stale	adj	tasteless/unpalatable from age	AHD/W7
	stalk	n	main stem of herbaceous plant	AHD/W7
	stall	n	compartment in barn/stable	AHD/W7
	stallion	n	uncastrated male horse	AHD/W7
	stele	n	central vascular portion of vascular plant axis	AHD/W7
	still	adj	quiet, motionless	AHD/W7
	stilt	n	pole with foot-rest/strap for elevating wearer above ground	AHD/W7
	stole	n	robe, long loose garment	AHD/W7
	stolid	adj	unemotional, hard to arouse/excite	AHD/W7
	stollen	n	rich yeast bread with citron/raisins/chopped nuts	AHD
	stolon	n	horizontal branch propagating from plant base	AHD/W7
	stout	adj	of strong character	AHD/W7
	stull	n	round timber for supporting sides/back of mine	AHD/W7
	stultify	vb.trans	to allege/prove to be of unsound mind	AHD/W7
	systaltic	adj	pulsing, marked by regular contraction/dilatation	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	stal(l)	n.str.masc	stall, barn, (standing) place	GED/ASD
Middle Dutch:	stel	adj	stale	W7
Old Saxon:	haga-stold/hagu-stald/haga-stald	n	youth, bachelor, servant	GED/ASD
	stellian	vb	to place	IEW
Old High German:	hagu-stalt/haga-stalt/haga-stolt	n	youth, bachelor, servant	IEW/GED/ASD
	Hagu-stolt	prop.n	Hagustolt	GED
	stal(l)	n.str.masc	stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling	IEW/GED
	stellen/stellan	vb	to place	IEW/ASD
	stelza	n	stilt	W7
	stilli	adj	still	W7
	stolz	adj	proud	W7
Middle High German:	stal(l)	n.str.masc	stall, place; barn, stable, dwelling	IEW
German:	Gestalt	n.fem	form, shape, figure, gestalt	W7
	Hagestolz	n	youth, bachelor, servant	GED
	Stall	n.masc	stall, sty, kennel, stable	LRC
	stellen	vb	to place	LRC
	Stelze	n.fem	stilt	LRC
	still	adj	still	LRC
	Stille	n.fem	stillness	LRC
	Stolle	n.fem	stollen, fruit loaf	LRC
	Stollen	n.masc	post, support	W7
	stolz	adj	proud	LRC
Bavarian:	Stollen	n.masc	stollen, fruit loaf	AHD
N-Germanic
Runic:	Hagu-stadaz	prop.n	Hagustadaz	GED
	Hagu-staldaz	prop.n	Hagustaldaz	GED
	Hagu-staldiz	prop.n	Hagustaldiz	GED
Old Norse:	stallr	n.masc	stall; perch (for hawk)	LRC
Old Icelandic:	hag-stœðr	adj	fair, favorable	GED
	hauk-staldr	n.str.masc	chieftain	GED
	(hug-)stœðr	adj	firm, steadfast, fixed in one's mind	GED
	stallr	n	stall, stand; crib, rack, frame	IEW
	stāl	n.str.neut	granary	GED
Icelandic:	stallr	n	stall; shelf	ASD
	stola	n.fem	stole	ASD
Norwegian:	hog-stall	n.masc	bachelor	GED
Danish:	stilk	n	stalk	TLL
Swedish:	hog-stall	n.masc	bachelor	GED
	stjälk	n	stalk	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	and-stald	n.neut	additional aid/supply	GED
	*and-staldan	vb.str.VII	to supply	IEW/GED
	ga-staldan	vb	to gain, acquire, possess	IEW
Italic
Old Latin:	stlocus	n.masc	locus	W7/IEW
Latin:	collocō, collocāre	vb	to collocate	TLL
	epistola/epistula	n.fem	letter	W7
	locō, locāre, locāvī, locātus	vb	to locate, arrange	LRC
	locus, loci	n.masc	locus	W7
	stola	n.fem	stole	W7
	stolidus	adj	dull, stupid	W7
	stolo	n.masc	branch, sucker	W7
	stultus	adj	foolish	W7
Late Latin:	apostolus	n.masc	apostle, messenger	W7
	stultifico, stultificāre	vb	to make foolish	W7
Middle Latin:	gastaldio/gastaldius	n	steward (of royal estates), governor (of district)	GED
	kastaldis	n	steward (of royal estates), governor (of district)	GED
Medieval Latin:	installo, installare	vb	to install	W7
	stallum	n.neut	stall	W7
New Latin:	peristalsis	n.fem	involuntary intestinal contractions	W7
Portuguese:	lugar	n	place	TLL
Spanish:	lugar	n	place	TLL
Old French:	apostle	n.masc	apostle, messenger	W7
	epistle	n.fem	epistle, letter	W7
	estal	n	place	AHD
	estaler	vb	to place, fix	W7
Middle French:	installer	vb	to install	W7
	piedestal	n.masc	pedestal	W7
French:	lieu	n	place	TLL
Old Italian:	piedestallo	n.masc	pedestal	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	staldis	n	stall	GED
Lithuanian:	stal̃das	n	stall	GED
Latvian:	stal̃lis	n	stall	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	στέλλω	vb	to equip, arrange, put in order	LRC
	στήλη	n.fem	stone, pillar, monument	LRC
Greek:	ἀπο-στέλλω	vb	to send away	LRC
	apo-stolos	n.masc	apostle, messenger	W7
	δια-στέλλω	vb	to expand, give express orders	LRC
	dia-stolē	n.fem	dilatation	W7
	ἐπι-στέλλω	vb	to send to	LRC
	epi-stolē	n	message, letter	W7
	peri-staltikos	adj	peristaltic	W7
	περι-στέλλω	vb	to wrap around	LRC
	stellein	vb	to place, install, set up	W7
	stolē	n.fem	stole, equipment	W7
	στόλος	n.masc	army	LRC
	systaltos	adj	verbal	W7
	sy-stellein	vb	to contract	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	stełn	n	branch	W7/HH

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
VII	=	class 7
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
HH	=	Heinrich Hübschmann: Armenische Grammatik (1897)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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