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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: strenk-, streng- 'tight, cramped; cord, string'

Semantic Field: to Join, Unite

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	strang	adj	strong	LRC
	streng	n.masc	string, cord, rope	W7
	strengþu	n.fem.indec	strength	W7
Middle English:	stranglen	vb	to strangle	W7
	strangury	n	strangury	W7
	strengthe	n	strength	W7
	string	n	string	W7
	strong	adj	strong	W7
English:	strangle	vb	to throttle, choke by compressing throat	AHD/W7
	strangles	n.pl	infectious disease causing choking/strangling sensation	AHD
	strangulate	vb	to strangle, constrict	AHD/W7
	strangury	n	slow/painful urine discharge drop-by-drop	AHD/W7
	strength	n	capacity for exertion/endurance	AHD/W7
	string	n	small cord	AHD/W7
	strong	adj	robust, re: great strength	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	strang	adj	strong	ASD
Old High German:	strengi	adj	strong	W7
German:	streng	adj	stern, harsh, strict, severe	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	strangr	adj	strong	ASD
Italic
Latin:	strangulatus	vb.ptc	strangled	W7
	strangulo, strangulare	vb	to strangle	W7
	stranguria	n.fem	urine retention	W7
Middle French:	estrangler	vb	to strangle	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	στραγγάλη	n.fem	rope, noose, halter	LRC
	στράγξ	n.fem	drop squeezed out	LRC
	strangalan	vb	to strangle	W7
	strang-ouria	n.fem	urine retention	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
indec	=	indeclinable/anomalous
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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