The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. su̯el(-k)- 'to eat, drink, swill, swallow'

Semantic Fields: to Eat; to Drink

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	grunde-swel(i)ge/grunde-swilige	n.fem	groundsel	W7/ASD
	swelgan, swealh, swulgon, swolgen	vb.str	to swallow	W7/ASD
	swillan	vb	to swill	W7
Middle English:	groundeswele	n	groundsel	W7
	manticore	n	manticore	W7
	swalowen	vb	to swallow	W7
	swilen	vb	to swill	W7
English:	groundsel	n	(genus of) composite plant with yellow flowers	AHD/W7
	manticore	n	legendary animal: head of man, body of lion, tail of dragon/scorpion	AHD/W7
	markhor	n	large wild Himalayan goat	AHD
	swallow	vb	to take through mouth/esophagus into stomach	AHD/W7
	swill	vb	to wash, drench, swallow greedily	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Low German:	far-swelgan	vb	to swallow, devour	ASD
Old High German:	far-svelhan	vb	to swallow	RPN
	swelgan	vb	to swallow	W7
German:	schwelgen	vb	to feast	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	sollr	n	swill	RPN
	svelga	vb	to swallow	RPN
	sylgr	n	draft, drink of something	RPN
Icelandic:	svelgja	vb	to swallow	ASD
Faeroese:	svølgja	vb	to swallow	RPN
Norwegian:	svelgja	vb	to swallow	RPN
Danish:	svelge	vb	to swallow	RPN
Swedish:	svälja	vb	to swallow	RPN
Italic
Latin:	mantichora	n.fem	manticore	W7
Iranian
Persian:	-khōr	n.sfx	eater	AHD
	mārkhōr	n	markhor, lit. snake-eater	AHD
Avestan:	x˅ar-	vb	to eat, drink, consume	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next