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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: tag-, or teg- : tog- : t_eg- 'to grip, seize, touch'

Semantic Fields: to Grasp, Seize, Take Hold of; to Touch

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	þaccian	vb	to pat, stroke, touch gently	RPN
Middle English:	atteynen/at(t)ainen/at(t)einen	vb	to attain	W7/CDC
	entire	adj	entire	W7
	intacte	adj	intact	W7
	taske	n	task	W7
	tasten	vb	to taste, touch, test	W7
	taxen	vb	to tax, assess, estimate	W7
English:	attain	vb	to achieve, accomplish	AHD/W7
	contact	n	union/junction of surfaces	AHD/W7
	contaminate	vb.trans	to soil/stain/infect by contact/association	AHD/W7
	entire	adj	having no part/element left out	AHD/W7
	intact	adj	entire, untouched, uninjured	AHD/W7
	integer	n	natural number (0, 1, 2...)	AHD/W7
	integrate	vb	to unite, form into whole	AHD/W7
	integrity	n	soundness, unimpaired condition	AHD/W7
	tact	n	sensitive mental/aesthetic perception	AHD/W7
	tactoreceptor	n	receptor responding to touch	AHD
	tangent	adj	meeting/touching at a point	AHD/W7
	tangent	n	ratio of opposite to adjacent sides (trigonometry)	AHD/W7
	tangible	adj	palpable, perceptible by touch	AHD/W7
	tangoreceptor	n	cutaneous receptor responding to touch/pressure	AHD
	task	n	assigned piece of work	AHD/W7
	taste	vb	to undergo, experience	AHD/W7
	tax	vb.trans	to assess/determine amount of (judicially)	AHD/W7
Italic
Old Latin:	tagō	vb	to touch	RPN
Latin:	attingo, attingere	vb	to touch	W7
	contactus	vb.ptc	having touched	W7
	contagio	n.fem	contagion	W7
	contaminatus	vb.ptc	contaminated, dirtied	W7
	contamino, contamināre	vb	to dirty, mix together	W7
	contingo, contingere	vb	to touch, concern, happen	W7
	intactus	vb.ptc	untouched, unbroken	W7
	integer	adj	untouched, unharmed	W7
	integratus	vb.ptc	integrated	W7
	integro, integrare	vb	to integrate	W7
	tactus	vb.ptc	touched	W7
	tangens, tangentis	vb.pres.ptc	touching, tangent	W7
	tango, tangere	vb	to touch, strike, push	RPN
	taxo, taxare	vb	to touch	W7
Vulgar Latin:	attango, attangere	vb	to touch	W7
	taxito, taxitāre	vb	to touch	W7
Late Latin:	tangibilis	adj	touchable	W7
Medieval Latin:	tasca	n.fem	tax/service imposed by feudal superior	W7
	taxo, taxare	vb	to tax	W7
Portuguese:	inteiro	adj	entire	TLL
Spanish:	entero	adj	entire	TLL
Old French:	ataindre/atteindre	vb	to reach, attain	W7/CDC
	taster	vb	to taste, try	W7
Old North French:	tasque	n.fem	task	W7
Middle French:	ataint	vb.ptc	attained	W7
	entir	adj	entire	W7
	taxer	vb	to tax	W7
French:	atteindre	vb	to attain	CDC
	contact	n.masc	contact	W7
	entier	adj	entire	TLL
	tact	n.masc	tact, sense of touch, delicateness, consideration	W7
Old Occitan:	ateigner/atenher	vb	to attain	CDC
Italian:	attignere/attingere	vb	to attain	CDC
	intero	adj	entire	TLL
Hellenic
Greek:	τεταγών	vb.act.perf.ptc	having seized	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
act	=	active (voice)
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
perf	=	perfect (aspect)
pres	=	present (tense)
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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