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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: tek̑þ- 'to plait'

Semantic Field: to Plait

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	tál	n	axe	RPN
English
Middle English:	context	n	context	W7
	sotil/sutil	adj	subtle	W7
	text	n	text	W7
	tiler	n	stock of crossbow	W7
	tissu	n	rich fabric	W7
English:	architect	n	one who designs buildings	AHD/W7
	context	n	part of discourse surrounding word/passage	AHD/W7
	dachshund	n	small dog (breed): long body, short legs, long drooping ears	AHD/W7
	dassie	n	coney, rock hyrax: small herbivorous mammal	AHD
	polytechnic	adj	re: instruction in technical arts	AHD/W7
	pretext	n	false motive/purpose/appearance cloaking real intent	AHD/W7
	subtle	adj	refined, delicate	AHD/W7
	technical	adj	re: practical knowledge of mechanical/scientific subject	AHD/W7
	tectonic	adj	structural, architectural	AHD/W7
	text	n	original written/printed work	AHD/W7
	tiller	n	lever for turning boat's rudder	AHD/W7
	tissue	n	fine lightweight fabric	AHD/W7
	toil	n	net for trapping game	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	das	n	badger	TLL
Old High German:	dahs	n	badger	W7
	dehsa	n	axe, poleaxe	RPN
	dehsala	n	axe, poleaxe	RPN
German:	Dachs	n.masc	badger	LRC
	Dachshund	n.masc	dachshund, lit. badger-hound	W7
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	þexla	n	adze	RPN
Italic
Latin:	architectōn	n.masc	master-builder	CDC
	architectus	n.masc	architect	W7
	contexo, contexere	vb	to weave together	W7
	contextus	n.masc	coherence, connection of words	W7
	contextus	vb.ptc	woven together	W7
	praetexo, praetexere	vb	to weave in front, assign as pretext	W7
	praetextus	vb.ptc	pretexted	W7
	subtilis	adj	finely woven, hard to see	W7
	tela	n.fem	web, loom, fabric	W7
	telum, teli	n.neut	spear, weapon	LRC
	texo, texere	vb	to weave, build	RPN
	textus	n.masc	texture, context	W7
	textus	vb.ptc	woven	W7
Late Latin:	tectonicus	adj	tectonic	W7
Medieval Latin:	telarium	n.neut	beam of a loom	W7
Portuguese:	tela	n	viewing screen	TLL
Spanish:	tela	n	cloth, fabric	TLL
Old French:	soutil	adj	subtle	W7
	tissu	n.masc	tissue	W7
	tistre	vb	to weave	W7
Middle French:	architecte	n.masc	architect	W7
	telier	n.masc	beam of a loom	W7
	texte	n.masc	text	W7
	toile	n.fem	toil, cloth	W7
French:	architecte	n	architect	CDC
	polytechnique	adj	re: arts/techniques	W7
Italian:	architetto	n	architect	CDC
	tela	n	cloth, fabric	TLL
Baltic
Lithuanian:	tašaũ, tašýti	vb	to hew	RPN
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	tešǫ, tesati	vb	to hew	RPN
Russian Church Slavic:	tesla	n	adze, carpenter's tool	RPN
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	τέκτων	n.masc	builder, carpenter	RPN
	τέχνη	n.fem	art, craft, skill	LRC
Greek:	archi-tektōn	n.masc	master builder	W7
	poly-technos	adj	skilled in many arts	W7
	tektonikos	adj	tectonic, re: builder	W7
	technikos	adj	technical, re: art/skill	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	ták-ki-(e-)eš-zi	vb.3.sg	to join, build	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	taša-	n	axe	RPN
	tašaiti	vb	to make, produce (as carpenter)	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	tákṣati	vb	to cut, plane, fashion	RPN
	tákṣan-	n	carpenter, wood-cutter	RPN
Prakrit:	takkhaï	vb	to cut, scrape, peel	RPN
	tacchaï	vb	to cut, scrape, peel	RPN
Pali:	tacchaka-	n	carpenter	RPN
	tacchati	vb	to build	RPN
	tacchanī-	n	hatchet	RPN
	tacchēti	vb	to chip, do woodwork	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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