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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. tu̯er- : tur-, and tu̯r̥- 'to twirl, turn'

Semantic Field: to Turn

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	storm	n.masc	storm, tempest; attack	LRC
	styrian	vb.wk	to stir	W7/ASD
	þrymm	n.masc	host; power; glory, renown	LRC
Middle English:	destourben	vb	to disturb	W7
	disturben	vb	to disturb	W7
	perturben	vb	to perturb	W7
	stiren	vb	to stir	W7
	storm	n	storm	W7
	troublen	vb	to trouble	W7
English:	disturb	vb	to interrupt, interfere with	AHD/W7
	perturb	vb.trans	to disquiet, disturb greatly in mind	AHD/W7
	stir	vb	to cause movement/change in position	AHD/W7
	storm	n	atmospheric disturbance attended by wind/rain/hail/sleet/snow etc.	AHD/W7
	storm	vb	to blow/rain/hail/sleet/snow with violence	W7
	Stormcrow	prop.n	epithet for Gandalf in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	trouble	vb	to disturb, worry, agitate mentally/spiritually	AHD/W7
	turbid	adj	thick/opaque with roiled sediment	AHD/W7
	turbine	n	rotary engine actuated by fluid impulse/reaction	AHD/W7
	twirl	vb	to spin, revolve rapidly	W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	storm	n	storm	TLL
Old Saxon:	heru-thrummi	n	violence	ASD
	storm	n	storm; attack, tumult	ASD
Old High German:	dweran	vb	to stir	W7
	sturm	n	storm; attack	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	stürn	vb	to incite	W7
German:	Sturm	n.masc	storm	LRC
	stürmen	vb	to storm	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	þruma, þrumað	vb	to hover, stand motionless; remain silent	LRC
	þurs	n.masc	giant	LRC
Icelandic:	stormr	n	storm, tempest; tumult, uproar	ASD
	styrr	n	stir, tumult, disturbance	ASD
	þrymr	n.masc	noise, alarm, battle	ASD
Norwegian:	tvirla	vb	to twirl	W7
Danish:	storm	n	storm	TLL
Swedish:	storm	n	storm	TLL
Italic
Latin:	disturbo, disturbāre	vb	to bother, throw into disorder	W7
	perturbo, perturbare	vb	to perturb, throw into confusion	W7
	turba	n.fem	crowd, confusion	W7
	turbido, turbidāre	vb	to trouble	W7
	turbidus	adj	turbid, confused	W7
	turbō, turbāre	vb	to disturb	W7
	turbō, turbinis	n.masc	top, whirlwind; that which whirls	W7
Vulgar Latin:	turbulo, turbulāre	vb	to trouble	W7
Old French:	destourber	vb	to disturb, bother	W7
	tourbler	vb	to trouble	W7
	troubler	vb	to trouble	W7
Middle French:	perturber	vb	to perturb, disturb	W7
French:	turbine	n.fem	turbine	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	τύρβη	n.fem	tumult, disorder, confusion	LS

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
LS	=	Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev.
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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