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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

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Pokorny Etymon: u̯adh- 'pledge'

Semantic Field: Oath

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wedd	n.neut	pledge	W7
	weddian	vb.wk	to wed, engage, covenant, undertake	W7/ASD
Middle English:	engagen	vb	to engage	W7
	gage	n	gage	W7
	morgage	n	mortgage	W7
	wage	n	wage, pledge	W7
	wagen	vb	to pledge, give as security	W7
	wager	n	bet, pledge	W7
	wedden	vb	to wed	W7
English:	degage	adj	nonchalant, free of constraint	AHD/W7
	engage	vb	to offer as security for debt/cause	AHD/W7
	gage	n	token of defiance	AHD/W7
	mortgage	n	conveyance of property upon terms	AHD/W7
	praedial	adj	landed, re: land	AHD
	wage	n	payment for labor/services	AHD/W7
	wage	vb	to engage in/carry on	AHD/W7
	wager	n	stake, something risked on uncertain event	AHD/W7
	wed, wed	vb.wk	to marry, take for wife/husband	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wed	n.neut	pledge	ASD
	weddia	vb	to pledge, promise	ASD
Old Low German:	weddi	n.neut	pledge	ASD
Old High German:	wetti	n.neut	pledge, agreement	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	wetten	vb	to pledge	W7
German:	Wette	n.fem	bet, wager; rivalry	LRC
	wetten	vb	to bet, wager	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	veð	n.neut	pledge	ASD
	veðja	vb	to wager	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	ga-wadjon	vb.wk	to pledge, promise	GED
	wadi	n.neut	pledge, guarantee	W7/GED
Italic
Latin:	vas, vadis	n.fem	bail, surety, security	W7
Old French:	desgagier	vb	to redeem a pledge	W7
	engagier	vb	to engage	W7
	gage	n.masc	pledge	W7
Old North French:	wage	n	wage, pledge	W7
	wagier	vb	to wage, pledge	W7
Anglo-French:	wageure	n.fem	wage, pledge	W7
Middle French:	engagier	vb	to engage	W7
	morgage	n.masc	mortgage	W7
French:	dégager	vb	to free, clear up, redeem a pledge	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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