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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯al-, u̯al-d(h)- 'to prevail, be strong'

Semantic Field: Strong, Mighty, Powerful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wieldan	vb	to wield	W7
Middle English:	abaten	vb	to abate	W7
	availen	vb	to avail	W7
	countrevailen	vb	to countervail	W7
	equivalent	adj	equivalent	W7
	prevailen	vb	to prevail	W7
	vailen	vb	to avail	W7
	valiaunt	adj	valiant	W7
	valor	n	valor	W7
	value	n	value	W7
	welden	vb	to wield, control	W7
English:	ambivalence	n	simultaneous attraction/repulsion	AHD/W7
	avail	vb	to serve, be of use/advantage	AHD/W7
	convalesce	vb.intrans	to recover health/strength gradually after sickness/weakness	AHD/W7
	countervail	vb	to compensate for	AHD/W7
	equivalent	adj	equal in force/amount/value	AHD/W7
	evaluate	vb	to fix/determine value	AHD/W7
	invalid	adj	sickly, suffering from disease/disability	AHD/W7
	invalid	adj	without force/foundation in law/fact/truth	AHD/W7
	oblast	n	political subdivision of republic in U.S.S.R.	AHD/W7
	prevail	vb.intrans	to triumph, gain ascendancy through strength/superiority	AHD/W7
	vale	n	farewell, salutation of leave-taking	AHD/W7
	valence	n	extract/preparation used in medicine	AHD/OED
	valetudinarian	n	person of weak/sickly constitution	AHD/W7
	valiant	adj	stouthearted, re: valor	AHD/W7
	valid	adj	having legal force/efficacy	AHD/W7
	valor	n	strength of mind/spirit, facing danger with firmness/bravery	AHD/W7
	value	n	fair return in goods/money/services	AHD/W7
	wield	vb.trans	to manage, deal with successfully	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	waltan	vb	to rule	W7
German:	Ambivalenz	n.fem	ambivalence	AHD
	walten	vb	to rule	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	vald	n.neut	power, control	LRC
Italic
Latin:	convalesco, convalescere	vb	to grow strong	W7
	invalidus	adj	weak	W7
	praevaleo, praevalēre	vb	to prevail	W7
	vale	vb.2.sg.imp	be well, fare well	W7
	valens, valentis	adj/vb.ptc	being well/strong	W7
	valentia	n	vigor	AHD
	valeō, valēre, valuī	vb	to be strong, well, able	LRC
	valesco, valescere	vb	to grow strong	W7
	valetudinarius	adj	infirm, sickly; re: servants	W7
	valetudo, valetudinis	n.fem	state of health, sickness	W7
	validus	adj	strong	W7
Vulgar Latin:	valuta	n.fem	value	W7
	valutus	vb.ptc	worthy, valued	W7
Late Latin:	aequivalens, aequivalentis	vb.ptc	equivalent	W7
	aequivaleo, aequivalēre	vb	to have equal power	W7
	valentia	n.fem	power, capacity	W7
Medieval Latin:	validus	adj	valid, healthy	W7
	valor	n.masc	valor, value	W7
Old French:	vaillant	adj	valiant	W7
	valoir/valer	vb	to be worthy	W7/CDC
Middle French:	contrevaloir	vb	to countervail	W7
	equivalent	adj	equivalent	W7
	vaillant	adj	valiant	W7
	valide	adj	valid, healthy	W7
	valour	n.fem	valor	W7
French:	invalide	adj	invalid, handicapped	W7
Baltic
Latvian:	valdīt, valdu, valdīju	vb	to lead, rule	LRC
	valdnieks	n.masc	governor, leader	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vlasti, vladǫ, vladeši	vb	to rule	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
2	=	2nd person
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
imp	=	imperative (mood)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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