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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ē̆-, u̯ei- 'we two (dual), we (plural)'

Semantic Field: Human Being

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wē	pron.1.pl	we	W7
	wit	pron.1.du	we two	W7
Middle English:	we	pron.1.pl	we	W7
English:	we	pron.1.pl	I (and you) and any others	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wī	pron.1.pl	we	ASD
Dutch:	we	pron.1.pl.nom	we [atonic form]	TLL
	wij	pron.1.pl.nom	we	TLL
Old Saxon:	wī	pron.1.pl	we	ASD
	wit	pron.1.du	we two	ASD
Old High German:	wir	pron.1.pl	we	W7
German:	wir	pron.1.pl	we	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	vér	pron.1.pl	we	LRC
	vit	pron.1.du	we two	LRC
Icelandic:	vér	pron.1.pl	we	ASD
	við	pron.1.du	we two	TLL
	vit	pron.1.du	we two	ASD
	vjér	pron.1.pl	we	TLL
	vor	pron.1.pl.gen	our	TLL
Danish:	vi	pron.1.pl.nom	we	TLL
	vor	pron.1.pl.gen	our	TLL
Swedish:	vi	pron.1.pl.nom	we	TLL
	vår	pron.1.pl.gen	our	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	weis	pron.1.pl	we	LRC
	wit	pron.1.du	we two	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vayam	pron.1.pl	we	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
du	=	dual (number)
gen	=	genitive (case)
nom	=	nominative (case)
pl	=	plural (number)
pron	=	pronoun

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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