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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ebh- 'to plait, weave, waver, move back and forth'

Semantic Fields: to Plait; to Weave

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ōwef	n	woof	W7
	wǣfre	adj	restless	W7
	wafian	vb	to wave (with hands)	W7
	webbestre	n.fem	(female) weaver	W7
	webbian	vb.wk	to weave, contrive	W7/ASD
	wefan, wæf, wǣfon, wefen	vb.str	to weave, contrive	W7
	wifel	n.masc	weevil, beetle	W7
Middle English:	oof	n	woof	W7
	wafer	n	wafer	W7
	waven	vb	to wave	W7
	waveren	vb	to waver	W7
	web	n	web	W7
	webster	n	webster	W7
	weft	n	weft	W7
	wevel	n	weevil	W7
	weven	vb	to weave	W7
English:	goffer	vb.trans	to flute, crimp	AHD/W7
	hypha	n	one of threads in fungus mycelium	AHD/W7
	wafer	n	thin crisp cake/cracker	AHD/W7
	waffle	n	crisp pancake	AHD/W7
	wave	vb	to flutter, move loosely to/fro, float/play/shake in air	AHD/W7
	waver	vb.intrans	to vacillate, fluctuate in opinion/allegiance/direction	AHD/W7
	weave, wove, woven	vb.str	to make (cloth) by interlacing strands (of yarn)	AHD/W7
	weave	vb.wk.intrans	to sway, waver from side to side	AHD/W7
	web	n	fabric on/being removed from loom	AHD/W7
	webster	n	weaver	AHD/W7
	weevil	n	small beetle injurious to nuts/fruit/grain/plants	AHD/W7
	weft	n	woof	AHD/W7
	wobble	vb	to move/rock/stagger clumsily/unsteadily side-to-side	AHD/W7
	woof	n	filling thread/yarn in weaving	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	wafel	n	waffle	W7
	wafer	n	wafer	W7
Dutch:	weven	vb	to weave	LRC
Old Low German:	gold-uuivil	n.masc	weevil, beetle	ASD
Low German:	wabbeln	vb	to wobble	W7
Old High German:	weban	vb	to weave	W7
	wibil	n.masc	weevil, beetle	W7/ASD
German:	wabbeln	vb	to wobble	LRC
	Waffel	n.fem	waffle	LRC
	weben	vb	to weave	LRC
	Wiebel	n.masc	weevil, beetle	ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	vefr	n	web	W7
	veifa	vb	to wave	W7
	veptr	n	weft, fabric	W7
Old Icelandic:	vefa	vb	to weave	LRC
Icelandic:	tord-yfill	n.masc	weevil, beetle	ASD
	vefa	vb	to weave	ASD
Danish:	væve	vb	to weave	LRC
Swedish:	väva	vb	to weave	LRC
Italic
French:	gaufrer	vb	to goffer, emboss, corrugate	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ὑφαίνω	vb	to weave	LRC
Greek:	ὑφή	n.fem	web	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	ubdaēna-	adj	made of cloth	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ubhnā́ti	vb	to tie together	LRC
	vepate	vb	to tremble	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	wāp-	vb	to weave	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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