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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. u̯eik-, u̯eig-, extended form of u̯ei- 'to bend, curve; exchange, pass around'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; to Trade

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wāg/wǣg	n.masc	wough, (wattle) wall	KEW/ASD
	wīcan	vb	to yield	W7
	wice	n.masc	wych	AHD/ASD
	wīcing	n.masc	viking, sea robber	ASD
	wīcing-sceaþa	n.masc	viking	ASD
	wīcing-sceaþe	n.fem	piracy	ASD
	wicu/wucu	n.fem	week	LRC
Middle English:	vecche	n	vetch	W7
	vicar	n	vicar	W7
	vice-	pfx	vice-	W7
	vis-	pfx	vice-	W7
	weike	adj	weak	W7
	weke	n	week	W7
	wiker	n	wicker	W7
	wiket	n	wicket	W7
English:	vetch	n	herbaceous twining leguminous plant	AHD/W7
	vicar	n	one serving as agent/substitute	AHD/W7
	vicarious	adj	delegated, serving instead of someone/something else	AHD/W7
	vice-	pfx	one who takes place of	AHD/W7
	vicissitude	n	mutability, natural change	AHD/W7
	viking	n	pirate, plunderer, seafaring marauder	W7
	weak	adj	lacking strength	AHD/W7
	week	n	seven-day period	AHD/W7
	wicker	n	withe, small pliant twig/osier	AHD/W7
	wicket	n	small gate/door	AHD/W7
	wough	n.obs	partition, indoor wall, house wall	OED
	wych	n	type of elm (with pliant branches)	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wāch	n	wough	OED
	wīka	vb	to yield, give way	ASD
	wike	n.fem	week	ASD
Middle Dutch:	wiket	n	wicket	W7
Old Saxon:	wīkan	vb	to yield, give way	ASD
Old Low German:	wika	n.fem	week	ASD
Old High German:	wehha/wohha	n.fem	week	W7/ASD
	wīchan	vb	to yield, give way	ASD
German:	weich	adj	weak, soft, pliant	TLL
	Woche	n.fem	week	TLL
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	veikr	adj	weak	W7
	vika	n.fem	week	LRC
	vík	n.fem	creek, inlet, small bay	ODE/ICE
	víkingr	n.masc	viking, freebooter	ODE/ICE
Old Icelandic:	víking	n.fem	piracy, freebooting voyage	ICE
	vīkva	vb	to move, turn; yield, recede	IEW
Icelandic:	vika	n.fem	week	ASD
	víkja	vb	to yield, give way	ASD
Danish:	vig	n	creek, inlet, small bay	ICE
Swedish:	vecka	n	week	TLL
	vek	adj	weak	TLL
	vik	n	bay	TLL
	vikker	n	wicker, willow	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	waíhsta	n.wk.masc	corner	LRC
	wikō	n.fem	week	ASD
Italic
Latin:	vicarius	adj	replacing, in replacement	W7
	vice	adj	in alternance	W7
	vicia	n.fem	vetch	W7
	vicis	n.fem	stead, change, alternation	W7
	vicissim	adv	in turn	W7
	vicissitudo	n.fem	misadventure	W7
	vincio, vincīre	vb	to bind	W7
Late Latin:	vice-	pfx	in turn, in replacement	W7
Old North French:	veche	n.fem	vetch	W7
Middle French:	vice-	pfx	in turn, vicarious	W7
	vicissitude	n.fem	vicissitude, misadventure	W7
Italian:	invece	adv	instead	TLL

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
obs	=	obsolete
pfx	=	prefix
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
ICE	=	Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
KEW	=	Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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