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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3i. u̯er-, u̯r-ei- 'to clench the teeth; wroth, confused'

Semantic Fields: Anger; Obscure

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bewrēon, biwrāh, biwrigon, biwrigen	vb.str.I	to cover, conceal	LRC
	brēr/brǣr	n.masc	brier, bramble	W7/ASD
	wrǣþþo/wrǣþþu	n.fem	wrath	W7
	wrāþ	adj	wroth, hostile	LRC
	wrēon, wrāh, wrigon, wrigen	vb.str.I	to hide, cover	LRC
	wrigian	vb	to wry, turn	W7
	wriða	n.masc	wreath, band, ring	W7
	wrīðan	vb	to writhe, twist, bind	W7
Northumbrian:	breer	n.masc	brier, bramble	ASD
Middle English:	brere	n	brier	W7
	wrath	n	wrath	W7
	wrethe	n	wreath	W7
	wrien	vb	to wry	W7
	writhen	vb	to writhe	W7
	wroth	adj	wroth	W7
English:	briar/brier	n	plant with woody/thorny/prickly stem	W7/AHD
	brusque	adj	markedly short/abrupt	W7/AHD
	wrath	n	rage, violent anger	AHD/W7
	wreath	n	something intertwined into circular shape	AHD/W7
	writhe	vb	to twist into coils/folds	AHD/W7
	wroth	adj	angry, wrathful, highly incensed	AHD/W7
	wry	vb	to writhe, twist	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	wrēð	adj	wroth	ASD
Old High German:	gi-rīdan	vb	to wry, writhe, rotate	ASD
	reid	adj	curled, twisted, trembling	W7/ASD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	rīða	vb	to wry, writhe	W7
Icelandic:	reiði	n.fem	wrath	ASD
	reiðr	adj	wroth	ASD
	ríða	vb	to wry, writhe, knit, wind	ASD
Italic
French:	brusque	adj	brusque	W7
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ῥίπτω	vb	to throw down	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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