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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯et- 'year'

Semantic Field: Year

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Middle Irish:	feis	n	sow	LRC
Old Breton:	guis	n	sow	LRC
Cornish:	guis	n	sow	LRC
English
Middle English:	bellwether	n	bellwether	W7
	veel	n	veal	W7
	wether	n	wether	W7
English:	bellwether	n	leader, one that takes initiative	AHD/W7
	etesian	adj	recurring annually	AHD/W7
	inveterate	adj	firmly established via persistence	AHD/W7
	veal	n	calf (bovine)	AHD/W7
	veteran	n	old/former soldier	AHD/W7
	veterinary	adj	re: art/science of animal medicine	AHD/W7
	vitellus	n	yolk	AHD/W7
	wether	n	ram castrated before sexual maturity	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	widar	n	ram, wether	W7
German:	Widder	n.masc	ram, wether	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	veðr	n	ram, wether	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	wiþrus	n	year-old lamb	LRC
Italic
Umbrian:	vituf	n.acc.pl	calves	LRC
Latin:	etesius	adj	etesian, re: summer	W7
	inveteratus	vb.ptc	untouched by age	W7
	invetero, inveterāre	vb	to age	W7
	veteranus	adj	old, of long experience	W7
	veterīna(e)	n.fem.pl	beasts of burden	W7
	veterīnus	adj	re: beasts of burden	W7
	vetus, veteris	adj	old, aged	W7
	vitellus	n.masc.dim	small calf	W7
	vitulus	n.masc	calf (bovine)	W7
Middle French:	veel	n.masc	veal	W7
Baltic
Old Lithuanian:	vetušas	adj	old, aged	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vetъčъ	adj	old	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	vit	n	year	LRC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	ʼέτος	n.neut	year	LRC
Greek:	etēsios	adj	etesian, re: summer	W7
Anatolian
Luwian:	ušša-	n	year	LRC
Hieroglyphic Luwian:	usa-	n	year	LRC
Hittite:	witt-	n	year	LRC
Iranian
Sogdian:	wtšnyy	adj	old	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vatsá-	n	year	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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