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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ī̆- 'apart, separate from, in two; both'

Semantic Field: to Separate

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wīd	adj	wide, broad	W7
	wīde	adv	far, widely	LRC
	wiþ	prep	with, along	LRC
	wiðer	adv/prep	against	W7
Middle English:	vice	n	vice, flaw, disorder, deficiency	W7
	wide	adj	wide	W7
	with	prep	with, from	W7
	withers	n.pl	withers	W7
English:	iso-	pfx	same, alike, equal	TLL
	vice	n	wickedness, moral corruption/depravity	AHD/W7
	vicious	adj	depraved, having nature/quality of vice/immorality	AHD
	vitiate	vb.trans	to pollute, contaminate	AHD/W7
	vitiligo	n	skin disorder (with smooth white spots)	AHD/W7
	vituperate	vb.trans	to berate, abuse/censure severely/abusively	AHD/W7
	wide	adj	vast, having great extent	AHD/W7
	wide(ly)	adv	over great extent/distance	W7
	Wídfara	prop.n	Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	with	prep	against, in opposition to	AHD/W7
	withers	n.pl	ridge between shoulder bones of horse/quadruped	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	wīd	adj	wide, broad	ASD
	with	prep	to, towards	ASD
	withir	adv/prep	against	ASD
Old Saxon:	wīd	adj	wide, broad	ASD
	wīdo	adv	far, widely	ASD
	wið	prep	to, towards	ASD
	wiðar	adv/prep	against	ASD
Old High German:	widar	adv/prep	back, against	W7
	wīt	adj	wide, broad	W7
	wīto	adv	far, widely	ASD
German:	weit	adj	wide, broad	LRC
	wider	prep	against	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	við	prep	to, with, against	LRC
Icelandic:	við	prep	to, towards	ASD
	viðr	adv/prep	against	ASD
	vīða	adv	far, widely	ASD
	víðr	adj	wide, broad	ASD
Danish:	bagved	prep	behind	TLL
	ved	prep	beside	TLL
Swedish:	vid	adj	wide	TLL
	vid	prep	beside	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	wiþra	adv/prep	by, near, against	LRC
Italic
Latin:	vitiatus	vb.ptc	vitiated	W7
	vitiligo	n.fem	vitiligo, tetter	W7
	vitio, vitiare	vb	to vitiate	W7
	vitium	n.neut	vice, fault	W7
	vituperatus	vb.ptc	blamed, criticized	W7
	vitupero, vituperāre	vb	to blame, criticize	W7
Old French:	vice	n.masc	vice, fault	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	vìsas, visà	pron	all, everyone	LRC
Latvian:	visi	pron	everyone, everybody	LRC
	viss	adj/pron	all, everything	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	vъtoryi, vъtoroje, vъtoraja	nbr.ord	second	LRC
	vьsь	adj/pron	all, every; whole	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	ʼίσος	adj	same, alike, equal	TLL
Indic
Sanskrit:	vi	adv	apart	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
nbr	=	number
neut	=	neuter (gender)
ord	=	ordinal
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
pron	=	pronoun
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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