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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support, but fonts for only the Unicode 2.0 character set (including combining diacritics). Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 3 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: u̯ī̆ro-s 'man, warrior'

Semantic Fields: Man; Soldier

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	wer	n.masc	man	LRC
	wernægl	n.masc	warnel, lit. man-nail	OED
	werwulf	n.masc	werewolf, lit. man-wolf	LRC
	woruld/weor(o)ld	n.fem	world, age, human existence	W7
Middle English:	decurioun	n	decurion	W7
	virtu	n	virtue	W7
	werewolf	n	werewolf	W7
	world	n	world	W7
English:	curia	n	subdivision of ancient Roman tribe	AHD/W7
	decemvir	n	one of 10 magistrates (ancient Rome)	AHD/W7
	decurion	n	Roman cavalry officer commanding 10 men	AHD/W7
	duumvir	n	one of 2 magistrates (ancient Rome)	AHD/W7
	triumvir	n	one of 3 magistrates (ancient Rome)	AHD/W7
	virago	n	woman of great strength/stature/courage	AHD/W7
	virile	adj	having manly nature/properties/qualities	AHD/W7
	virtue	n	morality, conformity to standard of right	AHD/W7
	virtuosa	n	female virtuoso	AHD/W7
	virtuoso	n	savant, experimenter/investigator in arts/sciences	AHD/W7
	warnel	n	wart, hard skin tumor	OED
	weltanschauung	n	philosophy of life	AHD
	weltschmerz	n	sadness re: world's evils	AHD
	werewolf	n	lycanthrope, lit. man-wolf	LRC
	wergeld/weregild	n	recompense, rank-based price set on person's life	AHD/OED
	world	n	earthly human existence	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	warld/wrald	n.fem	world	ASD
	wer	n.masc	man, male person	ASD
Dutch:	wereld	n	world	TLL
Old Saxon:	wer	n.masc	man, male person	ASD
	werold	n.fem	world, men, lifetime	ASD
Old High German:	wer	n.masc	man, male person	W7/ASD
	weralt	n.fem	world, earth; time, age	W7/ASD
	werwolf	n	werewolf	W7
German:	Welt	n.fem	world	TLL
	Weltanschauung	n.fem	weltanschauung, lit. world-view	W7
	Weltschmerz	n.masc	weltschmerz, lit. world-pain	W7
	Werwolf	n.masc	werewolf	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	verr	n.masc	man, male person	ASD
Danish:	verden	n	world	TLL
Swedish:	värld	n	world	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	waír	n.str.masc	man, male person	LRC
Italic
Latin:	curia	n.fem	assembly of Roman people	W7
	decemvir	n.masc	one of college of ten	W7
	decuria	n.fem	group of ten	W7
	decurio, decurionis	n.masc	decurion	W7
	duumvir	n.masc	one of college of two	W7
	triumvir	n.masc	one of college of three	W7
	vir, viri	n.masc	man	LRC
	virago, viraginis	n.fem	virago, amazon, heroine	W7
	virilis	adj	virile, re: man	W7
	virtus, virtutis	n.fem	virtue, manly qualities	W7
	vis, vis	n.fem	strength, power	LRC
Late Latin:	virtuosus	adj	virtuous	W7
Old French:	virtu	n.fem	virtue	W7
Middle French:	viril	adj	virile, manly	W7
Italian:	virtuoso	adj	good, honest, virtuous	W7
	virtuoso	n.masc	skilled/virtuous man	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	výras	n.masc	man, husband	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	vīra	n	man	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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