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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. ad- 'at, by, to'

Semantic Field: Near (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Welsh:	ad	prep	to	GED
Old Irish:	ad-	vb.pfx	at, to	GED
	ad-āgor	vb.1.sg	I fear	GED
	ad-cin	vb	to gaze at	GED
English
Old English:	æt	prep	at, to, by, near	GED
Middle English:	ad-	pfx	toward, in the direction of	W7
	ado	n	lit. to do	W7
	at	prep	by, near, beside	W7
English:	ad-	pfx	toward, in the direction of	AHD/W7
	-ad	sfx	to, towards, near	AHD/W7
	ado	n	bustle, trouble	AHD/W7
	at	prep	by, near, beside	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	az	prep	at, to	GED
	z-agēn	vb.wk	to hesitate	GED
	z-ougen	vb.wk	to show	GED
Old Saxon:	at	prep	at, to	GED
	t-ōgian	vb.wk	to show	GED
Old Frisian:	at/et	prep	at, to	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	at	conj	that	LRC
	at	prep	to, for; at, in; until	LRC
Old Icelandic:	at	prep	at, to	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	at	prep	at, to, from	GED
	atáugjan	vb.wk.I	to show, appear	GED
Italic
Latin:	ac	conj	and	LRC
	ad-	pfx	towards	W7
	ad	prep	to, at, towards	GED
	atque	conj	and	LRC
Old French:	ad-	pfx	towards	W7
Middle French:	ad-	pfx	towards	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	δεικνύναι	vb	to show	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
I	=	class 1
conj	=	conjunction
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
sfx	=	suffix
sg	=	singular (number)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)