Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss;
our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
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Pokorny Etymon: 2. al- 'to grow, nourish'
Semantic Field: to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||||||
| Welsh: | athraw | n | teacher | GED | ||||
| Old Irish: | al | n | bank | GED | ||||
| alim | vb | to nourish, bring up | GED | |||||
| alt | n | height, bank | GED | |||||
| altae | adj | adult | GED | |||||
| altram | n | nourishment | GED | |||||
| altru | n | foster-father | GED | |||||
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | alan | vb.str | to nourish | GED | ||||
| ald | adj | old | GED | |||||
| eald | adj | old | LRC | |||||
| eal(d)dōm | n.str.masc/neut | old age | GED | |||||
| ealdor | n.str.masc | elder, parent, prince; life | LRC | |||||
| ealdor-monn | n.masc | nobleman, lit. older man | LRC | |||||
| ield(o) | n.str.fem | age | GED | |||||
| ieldra | adj.comp | elder, older | GED | |||||
| wer-old | n.str.fem | era, world | GED | |||||
| ylde | n.str.fem | age | GED | |||||
| Middle English: | abolisshen | vb | to abolish | W7 | ||||
| alderman | n | English administrator | W7 | |||||
| aliment | n | aliment | W7 | |||||
| altitude | n | altitude | W7 | |||||
| elder | n | elder | W7 | |||||
| enhauncen | vb | to enhance | W7 | |||||
| exalten | vb | to exalt | W7 | |||||
| haute | adj | haughty | W7 | |||||
| hawser | n | hawser, large rope for ships | W7 | |||||
| old | adj | old | W7 | |||||
| English: | abolish | vb.trans | to annul, cancel, do away with | AHD/W7 | ||||
| adolescent | n | young teenager (typically 11-15 years) | AHD/W7 | |||||
| adult | adj | grown person | AHD/W7 | |||||
| alderman | n | English administrator | AHD/W7 | |||||
| aliment | n | food | AHD/W7 | |||||
| alimony | n | monetary allowance | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altimeter | n | height measurement tool | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altiplano | n | high plain or plateau | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altitude | n | height above ground | AHD/W7 | |||||
| alto | n | second highest voice or musical range | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altocumulus | n | a cirrus-like dark cloud | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altostratus | n | a fleecy, shaded, globular cloud | AHD/W7 | |||||
| altricial | adj | bearing helpless young | AHD/W7 | |||||
| alumnus | n | graduate of a school or college | AHD/W7 | |||||
| coalesce | vb.intrans | to merge, fuse | AHD/W7 | |||||
| elder | adj | older person, parent, superior | AHD/W7 | |||||
| enhance | vb.trans | to augment, intensify | AHD/W7 | |||||
| exalt | vb | to raise on high with honor | AHD/W7 | |||||
| haughty | adj | disdainfully proud | AHD/W7 | |||||
| hawser | n | rope for towing a ship | AHD/W7 | |||||
| old | adj | aged; ancient | AHD/W7 | |||||
| proletarian | n | belonging to the lower class | AHD/W7 | |||||
| prolific | adj | abundant, fertile | AHD/W7 | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old High German: | alt | adj | old | GED | ||||
| altar | n.str.neut | age | GED | |||||
| alt-duam | n.str.masc/neut | old age | GED | |||||
| altī | n.str.fem | age | GED | |||||
| altiro | adj.comp | older | GED | |||||
| alt-tuom | n.str.masc/neut | old age | GED | |||||
| eltī | n.str.fem | age | GED | |||||
| wer-alt | n.str.fem | era, world | GED | |||||
| Old Saxon: | ald | adj | old | GED | ||||
| aldar | n.str.neut | age | GED | |||||
| eldī | n.str.fem | age | GED | |||||
| wer-old | n.str.fem | era, world | GED | |||||
| Old Frisian: | ald | adj | old | GED | ||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | ala | vb.str | to beget, bear, give birth to; feed | LRC | ||||
| elska, elskað | vb | to love | LRC | |||||
| ǫld | n.fem | age; mankind; world | LRC | |||||
| Old Icelandic: | ala | vb.str | to beget | GED | ||||
| aldinn | adj | aged | GED | |||||
| aldr | n.masc | age, time of life | GED | |||||
| elli | n.fem | age | GED | |||||
| ellri | adj.comp | older | GED | |||||
| ver-ǫld | n.str.fem | era, world | GED | |||||
| ældri | adj.comp | older | GED | |||||
| ællri | adj.comp | older | GED | |||||
| ǫld | n.fem | age | GED | |||||
| Norwegian: | elja | vb | to fatten | GED | ||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | *alan | vb.str.VI | to grow | GED | ||||
| *aldomo | n.masc/neut | old age | GED | |||||
| *alds | n.fem | generation, age | GED | |||||
| *aljan | vb.wk.I.caus | to fatten | GED | |||||
| alþeis | adj | old | GED | |||||
| alþiza | adj.comp | older | GED | |||||
| *fram-aldrs | adj | aged | GED | |||||
| *us-alþans | ptc.past.ua.adj | silly | GED | |||||
| Crimean Gothic: | alt | adj | old | GED | ||||
| Italic | ||||||||
| Latin: | aboleo, abolēre | vb | to abolish, destroy | W7 | ||||
| abolēsco, abolēscere | vb | to decay, disappear gradually | W7 | |||||
| adolescens, adolescentis | adj | adolescent | W7 | |||||
| adolēscō, adolēscere | vb | to grow up | GED | |||||
| adultus | adj | adult, grown up, mature | GED | |||||
| alēsco, alēscere | vb | to grow, flourish | GED | |||||
| alimentum | n.neut | nutriment | W7 | |||||
| alimonia | n.fem | sustenance | W7 | |||||
| alō, alere, altus | vb | to nourish | GED | |||||
| altitudo | n.fem | height, depth | W7 | |||||
| altor | n.masc | one who nourishes | W7 | |||||
| altrix, | n.fem | one who nourishes | W7 | |||||
| altus, alta, altum | adj | high, deep | LRC | |||||
| alumnus | n.masc | infant nourished | W7 | |||||
| coalesco, coalescere | vb | to unite | W7 | |||||
| exalto, exaltare | vb | to exalt | W7 | |||||
| prōlēs | n.fem | offspring, progeny, descendants | GED | |||||
| proletarius | adj | of the common people | W7 | |||||
| Vulgar Latin: | altio, altiare | vb | to pull high | W7 | ||||
| inaltio, inaltiare | vb | to make higher or bigger | W7 | |||||
| New Latin: | altocumulus | n.masc | altocumulus: type of cloud | W7 | ||||
| altostratus | n.masc | altostratus: type of cloud | W7 | |||||
| Italian: | alto | adj | high, deep | W7 | ||||
| Old French: | enhaucier | vb | to enhance | W7 | ||||
| Anglo-French: | enhauncer | vb | to enhance | W7 | ||||
| hauceour | vb | to hoist | W7 | |||||
| Middle French: | abolir, abolisse | vb | to abolish, destroy | W7 | ||||
| exalter | vb | to exalt | W7 | |||||
| haucier | vb | to hoist | W7 | |||||
| haut | adj | high | W7 | |||||
| French: | adolescent | n.masc | adolescent, youth | W7 | ||||
| prolifique | adj | prolific | W7 | |||||
| American Spanish: | altiplano | n.masc | plateau | W7 | ||||
| Hellenic | ||||||||
| Greek: | ἀλθαίνω | vb | to heal | GED | ||||
| ἄν-αλτος | adj | insatiable | GED | |||||
| νεᾱλής | adj | fresh, strong | GED | |||||
| Hesychius' Lexicon: | ἀλτρός | n | payment | GED | ||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | an-alas | n | fire, god of fire | GED | ||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| caus | = | causative |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| ua | = | used as |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |