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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. al-   'to grow, nourish'

Semantic Field: to Grow

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Welsh: athraw n teacher GED
Old Irish: al n bank GED
  alim vb to nourish, bring up GED
  alt n height, bank GED
  altae adj adult GED
  altram n nourishment GED
  altru n foster-father GED
English  
Old English: alan vb.str to nourish GED
  ald adj old GED
  eald adj old LRC
  eal(d)dōm n.str.masc/neut old age GED
  ealdor n.str.masc elder, parent, prince; life LRC
  ealdor-monn n.masc nobleman, lit. older man LRC
  ield(o) n.str.fem age GED
  ieldra adj.comp elder, older GED
  wer-old n.str.fem era, world GED
  ylde n.str.fem age GED
Middle English: abolisshen vb to abolish W7
  alderman n English administrator W7
  aliment n aliment W7
  altitude n altitude W7
  elder n elder W7
  enhauncen vb to enhance W7
  exalten vb to exalt W7
  haute adj haughty W7
  hawser n hawser, large rope for ships W7
  old adj old W7
English: abolish vb.trans to annul, cancel, do away with AHD/W7
  adolescent n young teenager (typically 11-15 years) AHD/W7
  adult adj grown person AHD/W7
  alderman n English administrator AHD/W7
  aliment n food AHD/W7
  alimony n monetary allowance AHD/W7
  altimeter n height measurement tool AHD/W7
  altiplano n high plain or plateau AHD/W7
  altitude n height above ground AHD/W7
  alto n second highest voice or musical range AHD/W7
  altocumulus n a cirrus-like dark cloud AHD/W7
  altostratus n a fleecy, shaded, globular cloud AHD/W7
  altricial adj bearing helpless young AHD/W7
  alumnus n graduate of a school or college AHD/W7
  coalesce vb.intrans to merge, fuse AHD/W7
  elder adj older person, parent, superior AHD/W7
  enhance vb.trans to augment, intensify AHD/W7
  exalt vb to raise on high with honor AHD/W7
  haughty adj disdainfully proud AHD/W7
  hawser n rope for towing a ship AHD/W7
  old adj aged; ancient AHD/W7
  proletarian n belonging to the lower class AHD/W7
  prolific adj abundant, fertile AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: alt adj old GED
  altar n.str.neut age GED
  alt-duam n.str.masc/neut old age GED
  altī n.str.fem age GED
  altiro adj.comp older GED
  alt-tuom n.str.masc/neut old age GED
  eltī n.str.fem age GED
  wer-alt n.str.fem era, world GED
Old Saxon: ald adj old GED
  aldar n.str.neut age GED
  eldī n.str.fem age GED
  wer-old n.str.fem era, world GED
Old Frisian: ald adj old GED
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: ala vb.str to beget, bear, give birth to; feed LRC
  elska, elskað vb to love LRC
  ǫld n.fem age; mankind; world LRC
Old Icelandic: ala vb.str to beget GED
  aldinn adj aged GED
  aldr n.masc age, time of life GED
  elli n.fem age GED
  ellri adj.comp older GED
  ver-ǫld n.str.fem era, world GED
  ældri adj.comp older GED
  ællri adj.comp older GED
  ǫld n.fem age GED
Norwegian: elja vb to fatten GED
E-Germanic  
Gothic: *alan vb.str.VI to grow GED
  *aldomo n.masc/neut old age GED
  *alds n.fem generation, age GED
  *aljan vb.wk.I.caus to fatten GED
  alþeis adj old GED
  alþiza adj.comp older GED
  *fram-aldrs adj aged GED
  *us-alþans ptc.past.ua.adj silly GED
Crimean Gothic: alt adj old GED
Italic  
Latin: aboleo, abolēre vb to abolish, destroy W7
  abolēsco, abolēscere vb to decay, disappear gradually W7
  adolescens, adolescentis adj adolescent W7
  adolēscō, adolēscere vb to grow up GED
  adultus adj adult, grown up, mature GED
  alēsco, alēscere vb to grow, flourish GED
  alimentum n.neut nutriment W7
  alimonia n.fem sustenance W7
  alō, alere, altus vb to nourish GED
  altitudo n.fem height, depth W7
  altor n.masc one who nourishes W7
  altrix, n.fem one who nourishes W7
  altus, alta, altum adj high, deep LRC
  alumnus n.masc infant nourished W7
  coalesco, coalescere vb to unite W7
  exalto, exaltare vb to exalt W7
  prōlēs n.fem offspring, progeny, descendants GED
  proletarius adj of the common people W7
Vulgar Latin: altio, altiare vb to pull high W7
  inaltio, inaltiare vb to make higher or bigger W7
New Latin: altocumulus n.masc altocumulus: type of cloud W7
  altostratus n.masc altostratus: type of cloud W7
Italian: alto adj high, deep W7
Old French: enhaucier vb to enhance W7
Anglo-French: enhauncer vb to enhance W7
  hauceour vb to hoist W7
Middle French: abolir, abolisse vb to abolish, destroy W7
  exalter vb to exalt W7
  haucier vb to hoist W7
  haut adj high W7
French: adolescent n.masc adolescent, youth W7
  prolifique adj prolific W7
American Spanish: altiplano n.masc plateau W7
Hellenic  
Greek: ἀλθαίνω vb to heal GED
  ἄν-αλτος adj insatiable GED
  νεᾱλής adj fresh, strong GED
Hesychius' Lexicon: ἀλτρός n payment GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: an-alas n fire, god of fire GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
I=class 1
VI=class 6
adj=adjective
caus=causative
comp=comparative
fem=feminine (gender)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
past=past (tense)
ptc=participle
str=strong (inflection)
trans=transitive
ua=used as
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)