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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: am(m)a, amī̆ 'mama, amah (nursery word)'

Semantic Field: Mother

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	amicable	adj	amicable	W7
	amite	n	amity	W7
	amour	n	amour	W7
	aunt(e)	n	aunt	W7/CDC
	enamouren	vb	to enamor	W7
	enemi	n	enemy	W7
	paramour	n	paramour	W7
English:	amah	n	nurse, female domestic servant	AHD/W7
	amateur	n	hobbyist, non-professional	AHD/W7
	amative	adj	re: love	AHD/W7
	amatory	adj	re: sexual love	AHD
	amicable	adj	friendly	AHD/W7
	amigo	n	friend	AHD/W7
	amity	n	friendship, good-feeling	AHD/W7
	amoretto	n	Cupid, cherub	AHD/W7
	amour	n	lover	AHD/W7
	aunt	n	uncle's wife, parent's sister	AHD/W7
	enamor	vb.trans	to attract love/desire	AHD/W7
	enemy	n	opponent, opposition	AHD/W7
	inamorata	n	woman, lover	AHD/W7
	inimical	adj	opposed, hostile	AHD/W7
	paramour	n	illicit lover	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	amma	n	amah, mama	W7
German:	Amateur	n.masc	amateur	LRC
	Amme	n.fem	amah	LRC
Italic
Latin:	amator	n.masc	lover	W7
	amicitia, amicitiae	n.fem	friendship	LRC
	amicus	n.masc	friend	W7
	amita	n.fem	paternal aunt	W7
	amo, amāre, amatus	vb	to love	W7
	amor	n.masc	love	W7
	inimicus	adj	enemy	W7
Vulgar Latin:	*amīcitās	n	amity	AHD
Late Latin:	amicabilis	adj	friendly	W7
	inimicalis	adj	unfriendly	W7
Medieval Latin:	amativus	adj	amorous	W7
	amicitas	n.fem	friendship	W7
	amma	n.fem	amah	W7
Portuguese:	ama	n.fem	amah, wet nurse	W7
Spanish:	amigo	n.masc	friend	W7
Old French:	amite	n	amity	AHD
	amour	n.masc	love	W7
	a(u)nte	n	aunt	CDC
	enamourer	vb	to fall in love	W7
	enemi	n.masc.adj	enemy	W7
Anglo-French:	aunte	n	aunt	AHD
Middle French:	amité	n.fem	friendship	W7
French:	aimer	vb	to love	TLL
	amateur	n.masc	amateur	W7
	tante	n	aunt	CDC
Old Provençal:	amor	n.masc	love	W7
Old Occitan:	amda	n	aunt	CDC
Italian:	amida/ameta	n.dial	aunt	CDC
	amore	n.masc	love	W7
	amoretto	n.masc	flirtation, casual love affair	W7/CID
	innamorare	vb	to inspire with love	W7
	innamorato, innamorata	vb.ptc	in love	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	amma	n.fem	amah	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
dial	=	dialectal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
ptc	=	participle
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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