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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. an(ə)- 'to breathe, respire, animate'

Semantic Field: to Breathe; Breath

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	anāl	n	breath	GED
	anim	n.fem	spirit	GED
	os-nad	n	sigh	GED/IEW
Middle Breton:	anavon	n.pl	spirits, the dead	GED
English
Old English:	aneþa	n	anger, hatred, enmity	GED
	or-(o)þ	n.neut	breath	GED
	orðian	vb.wk.denom	to pant, breathe	GED
	ōþian	vb	to breathe hard	GED
Middle English:	animadverten	vb	to animadvert	AHD
	animal	n	animal	AHD
	animate	adj	animate	W7
	animosite	n	animosity	W7
English:	anemone	n	windflower: perennial herb with large flowers	AHD
	anima	n	soul, inner self	AHD
	animadvert	vb	to notice, observe	AHD/W7
	animal	n	beast, non-plant	AHD/W7
	animate	adj	alive, possessing life	AHD/W7
	animate	vb	to give life/breath/spirit to	W7
	animato	adv	lively (musical direction)	AHD/W7
	animism	n	belief that nature harbors souls	AHD/W7
	animosity	n	enmity	AHD/W7
	animus	n	mind, disposition	AHD/W7
	equanimity	n	composure under stress	AHD/W7
	longanimity	n	capacity for long-suffering	AHD/W7
	magnanimous	adj	generous, great-spirited	AHD/W7
	pusillanimous	adj	vaccillating, lit. weak-minded	AHD/W7
	unanimous	adj	of one mind	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	amma	n	breath	GED
Old Saxon:	ando	n.wk.masc	insult, anger, bitterness	GED
Old High German:	anto	n.wk.masc	insult, anger, bitterness	GED
	antōn	vb.wk	to punish, reproach	GED
German:	animiert	adj	animate(d)	LRC
	Animismus	n	animism	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	ǫnd	n.fem	breath	LRC
Old Icelandic:	anda	vb.wk	to breathe	GED
	andi	n.masc	breath, wind, spirit	GED
	onð	n.fem	breath	GED
Danish:	aande	n	breath	TLL
Swedish:	ande	n	breath	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*uz-anan	vb.str.VI	to breathe one's last	GED
Italic
Latin:	aequanimitas	n.fem	calmness, impartiality	W7
	anemōne@E%	n	anemone	AHD
	anima	n.fem	air, wind; breath, soul, spirit	GED
	animadverto, animadvertere	vb	to animadvert, attend to; blame, censure	W7
	animal	n.neut	animal	GED
	animalis	adj	animate, living	W7
	animo, animāre, animatus	vb	to give life to	W7
	animosus	adj	spirited	W7
	animus, animi	n.masc	soul, spirit, animus	GED
	magnanimus	adj	magnanimous	W7
	unanimus	adj	unanimous	W7
Late Latin:	animositas, animositatis	n.fem	animosity	W7
	longanimis	adj	patient	W7
	longanimitas	n.fem	longanimity	W7
	pusillanimis	adj	cowardly, pusillanimous	W7
Old French:	animosite	n	animosity	AHD
Middle French:	animosité	n.fem	animosity	W7
Italian:	animare	vb	to animate	AHD
	animato	vb.ptc	animated	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	ájër	n.masc	air	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ἄνεμος	n.masc	wind	GED
	anemōnē	n.fem	anemone	W7
	*ἆνος	n	face	GED
	*ἦνος	n	face	GED
	προσ-ηνής	adj	well-disposed	GED
Iranian
Old Persian:	aura	n.masc	lord	GED
Avestan:	ahurō	n.masc	lord	GED
	(par-)åntyå	vb.ptc	breathing in and out	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	aṇa	adj	alive	GED
	ániti	vb	to breathe	GED
	ánilas	n	wind, breath	GED
	ásuḥ	n	vital strength	GED
	ásuras	n	lord, deity characterized by heightened life-force	GED
	ānanam	n	mouth	GED
	*ānas	n	face	GED
Tocharian
Tokharian:	āñm-	n	life, spirit	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
VI	=	class 6
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
denom	=	denominative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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