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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: ang̑h- 'tight, narrow, anguished; to constrict'

Semantic Field: Narrow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	cum-ung	adj	narrow	GED
Breton:	enk	adj	narrow	GED
Welsh:	cyf-ung	adj	narrow	GED
English
Old English:	ang-	adj.pfx	tight, painful	W7
	angnægl	n.masc	agnail, corn on toe/foot	W7/ASD
	enge	adj	tight, narrow, painful	GED
	engu	n.str.fem	distress	GED
	ge-eng(e)d	adj	anxious	GED/ASD
Middle English:	agnail	n	agnail	W7
	anger	n	grief, anger	MEV
	angre	adj	angry	MEV
	angwisshe/angwys	n	grief, anguish	W7/MEV
	quinesie	n	quinsy, throat inflammation	W7
English:	agnail	n	sore/inflammation around toenail/fingernail	AHD/W7
	anger	n	wrath, resentment, strong displeasure	GED/W7
	angina	n	inflammatory suffocative illness	AHD/W7
	angry	adj	wrathful, feeling/showing anger	W7
	angst	n	fear, dread, worry, anxiety	AHD/W7
	anguish	n	extreme mental/bodily pain	AHD/W7
	anguished	adj	in anguish	LRC
	anxious	adj	worried, nervous	AHD/W7
	hangnail	n	agnail	AHD
	quinsy	n	abscess around tonsil	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Saxon:	engi	adj	tight, narrow	GED
Middle Low German:	angest	n	angst	GED
	engen	vb.wk	to make narrow	GED
Old High German:	ancha	n.wk.masc	neck	GED
	angi	adj	narrow	GED
	angitha	n.str.fem	distress, narrowness	GED
	angust	n	angst	GED
	anken	vb.wk	to make narrow	GED
	engi	adj	narrow	GED
	engi	n.str.fem	distress	GED
	engida	n.str.fem	distress, narrowness	GED
	ungnagal	n	agnail, corn on toe/foot	ASD
Middle High German:	angest	n	angst	AHD
	anke	n.wk.masc	neck	GED
	enge	n.fem	narrowness, confinement	ASD
German:	Angst	n.fem	angst	W7
	Anke	n.fem	neck	GED
	Enge	n.fem	narrowness, confinement	ASD
Swabian:	Anke	n.fem	neck	GED
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	angr	n	grief, anger	W7
	öngum	n	narrowness, confinement	ASD
Old Icelandic:	angr	n	anger	GED
	ǫngr/øngr	adj	narrow	GED
	øngd	n.str.fem	distress, narrowness	GED
	øngja	vb	to make narrow	GED
	øngva	vb	to make narrow	GED
Danish:	angst	n	angst	W7/DEO
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*-agga	n.sfx	narrowing	GED
	aggwiþa	n.fem	distress, constriction	GED
	*-aggwjan	vb.wk.I	to oppress	GED
	*aggwus	adj	narrow	GED
Italic
Latin:	angina	n.fem	disease of the chest	W7
	angiportus	n.masc	narrow street	GED
	ango, angere	vb	to hurt, torment, strangle, make narrow	GED
	angor	n.masc	anguish; choking, anxiety	GED
	angustia, angustiae	n.fem	strait, narrow place; anguish, distress	GED
	angustus	adj	narrow	GED
	anxietās	n.fem	anxiety	GED
	anxius	adj	anxious, fearful	GED
Old French:	anguisse	n	anguish	MEV
Middle French:	quinancie	n.fem	quinsy	W7
French:	angoisse	n.fem	anguish, anxiety	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	añkštas	adj	narrow	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ązъ-kъ	adj	narrow	GED
	ǫzilište	n	prison	GED
	ǫziti	vb	to oppress	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ἀγχί/ἀγχοῦ	adv	near	GED
	ἄγχω	vb	to bind together	GED
	ἄμφην	n	neck	GED
	anchein	vb	to strangle	W7
	ἆσσον	adv.comp	nearer	GED
	kynanchē	n.fem	dog's collar	W7
Armenian
Armenian:	anju-k	adj	narrow	GED/IEW
Iranian
Avestan:	ązanhē	vb	to oppress	GED
	ązō	n	need, anxiety	GED
Ossetic:	ungäg	adj	narrow	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	áṁhas	n	need, anxiety	GED
	aṁhú-	adj.pfx	narrow	GED
	aṁhúh	adj	narrow	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
comp	=	comparative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
pfx	=	prefix
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
DEO	=	Hermann Vinterberg and C.A. Bodelsen: Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog (1966)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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