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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ank-, ang- 'to flex, bend, angle'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	anclēow	n.masc	ankle	W7/ASD
	ancor/āncer	n	anchorite, hermit	W7/ASD
	anga	n	hook	W7
	angel	n.masc	fishhook	W7
	Angel-cynn	prop.n.neut	English, lit. Angle kin	LRC
	Engle	n	the Angles (coastal Germanic group)	W7
Middle English:	ancre	n	anchor	W7
	angel	n	fishhook	W7
	angelen	vb	to angle: fish	W7
	angle	n	angle	W7
	ankel	n	ankle	W7
English:	anchor	n	anchor (fluked boat stabilizer)	AHD/W7
	ancon	n	architectural bracket or elbow support	AHD/W7
	Angle	prop.n	member of Germanic tribe in Anglia	LRC
	angle	n	corner, sharp bend	AHD/W7
	angle	vb	to turn/flex/position at an angle	AHD/W7
	angle	vb	to fish with hook	W7
	ankle	n	joint between foot and leg	AHD/W7
	ankylosis	n	joint stiffness; bone fusion	AHD/W7
	onchocerciasis	n	river blindness (caused by filarial worms)	AHD
	oncidium	n	kind of orchid	AHD/W7
	unciform	adj	hook-shaped	AHD/W7
	uncinaria	n	hook-mouthed nematode	AHD/W7
	uncinate	adj	hooked, unciform, bent at end	AHD
	uncus	n	hooked anatomical part	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	anker	n	anchor	TLL
Old Saxon:	ēnkoro	n.masc	hermit, anchorite	ASD
Old High German:	anchlāo/anchal(a)	n	ankle	W7/ASD
	ango	n	hook	W7
	angul	n.masc	hook, fishhook	ASD
	einchoranar	n.masc	hermit, anchorite	ASD
Middle High German:	angel	n.masc	hook, fishhook	ASD
	enkel	n.masc	ankle	ASD
German:	Angel	n.fem	hinge, angle; fishing rod	LRC
	angeln	vb	to fish, angle	LRC
	Anker	n.masc	anchor	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	eng	n	meadow	LRC
	ökul/ökli	n.masc	ankle	ASD
	öngull	n.masc	hook, fishhook	ASD
Danish:	anker	n	anchor	TLL
	eng	n	meadow	TLL
Swedish:	ankare	n	anchor	TLL
	ankel	n	ankle	ASD
	äng	n	meadow	TLL
Italic
Latin:	anchora	n.fem	anchor	W7
	Ancon	n.fem	town in Italy	W7
	ancōn	n	ancon	AHD
	Angli	n.masc.pl	Angles: people of Germanic origin	W7
	angulus	n.masc	angle	W7
	uncinus	adj	hook	W7
	uncus	n.masc	hook	W7
New Latin:	ankylosis	n.fem	ankylosis	W7
	oncidium	n.neut	genus of orchids	W7
	unciformis, unciforme	adj	shaped like a hook	W7
	uncinaria	n.fem	hookworm	W7
	uncus	n.masc	a hooked anatomical part or process	W7
Old French:	angle	n	angle	AHD
Middle French:	angle	n.masc	angle	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	ankos	n.masc	glen	W7
	ankylos	adj	crooked	W7
	ankyloun	vb	to make crooked	W7
	ankylōsis	n.fem	ankylosis	W7
	ankyra	n.fem	anchor	W7
	ankōn	n.masc	elbow	W7
	onkos	n.masc	barbed hook, mass	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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