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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. ā̆p- 'water, river'

Semantic Fields: Water; Brook, Stream, River

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	julep	n	julep	W7
English:	julep	n	flavored water with sweet syrup	AHD/W7
	Punjab	prop.n	region in NW India	AHD
Italic
Middle French:	julep	n	julep	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	ape	n	creek, river	IEW
	apus	n	spring, fountain	IEW
Lithuanian:	ùpė	n	water	IEW
Latvian:	upe	n	water	IEW
Anatolian
Hittite:	hapa-	n	stream, river	LRC
Palaic:	hapnas	n	river	LRC
Iranian
Persian:	āb	n	water	W7
	gulāb	n	julep, lit. rose water	W7
	Pañjāb	prop.n	Punjab, 5 waters, (land of) 5 rivers	AHD/W7
Avestan:	āfš	n	stream, current	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	ā́pas	n	waters	LRC
Hindi:	pañjābi	adj	of Punjab	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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