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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: arqu- 'arc, arch, something bent'

Semantic Field: to Bend

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ar(e)we	n.fem	arrow	CDC/ASD
	earh	n.str.fem	arrow	GED
Middle English:	arch(e)	n	arch	W7
	archer(e)/archier	n	archer	W7/CDC
	ark	n	arc	W7
	arw(e)/aro(w)/aru(we)/arewe	n	arrow	W7/CDC
English:	arc	n	curve	AHD/W7
	arcade	n	arched roofed (part of) building	AHD
	arch	n	curved liminal frame	AHD/W7
	archer	n	bowman	AHD/W7
	arciform	adj	arc-shaped	AHD/W7
	arcuate	adj	bow-curved	AHD/W7
	arrow	n	missile from bow	AHD/W7
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	ǫr, ǫrvar	n.str.fem	arrow	GED
Icelandic:	ör	n	arrow	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*arƕazna	n.fem	dart, arrow	GED
Italic
Old Latin:	arquī	n.masc.gen	bow	GED
	arqui-tonens	n.masc	archer	GED
Latin:	arcuo, arcuāre, arcuāvī, arcuātus	vb	to bend like bow	W7
	arcus	n.masc	arc, bow; arch, vault	GED
	arquus	n.masc	arc, bow	CDC
Vulgar Latin:	arca	n.fem	arch	W7
Late Latin:	arcarius	n.masc	archer	W7
	arcuarius	adj	re: bow	W7
Middle Latin:	archia	n.fem	arch	CDC
Portuguese:	arco	n	arc	CDC
	arqueiro	n	archer	CDC
Spanish:	arco	n	arc	CDC
	arquero	n	archer	CDC
Old French:	arc	n.masc	arc, bow	CDC
	arche	n.fem	arch, architectural element of a building	W7
	arch(i)er	n.masc	archer	W7/CDC
French:	arc	n	arc	CDC
	arcade	n	arcade	AHD
	arche	n.fem	arch, architectural element of building	CDC
	archer	n	archer	CDC
Old Occitan:	arc	n	arc	CDC
	arquier/archier	n	archer	CDC
Italian:	arcata	n	arcade	AHD
	arciere	n	archer	CDC
	arco	n	arc	CDC
Baltic
Latvian:	ẽrcis	n	juniper	GED
Slavic
Czech:	rokyta	n	kind of willow	GED
Russian:	rakíta	n	kind of willow	GED
Hellenic
Greek:	ἄρκευθος	n	juniper	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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