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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: at- 'to go; year, annum'

Semantic Field: Year

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	anniversarie	n	anniversary	W7
	annual	adj	annual	W7
	annuite	n	annuity	W7
English:	annals	n.pl	history, chronicles	AHD/W7
	anniversary	n	annual recurrence of date marking notable event	AHD/W7
	annual	adj	yearly	AHD/W7
	annual	n	1-year/annual event	W7
	annuity	n	annual payment	AHD/W7
	annum	n	year	OED
	biennium	n	2-year period	AHD/W7
	decennary	adj/n	(re:) decennium	AHD
	decennium	n	10-year period	AHD/W7
	millennium	n	1000-year period	AHD/W7
	perennial	adj	everlasting, lit. through years	AHD/W7
	quadrennium	n	4-year period	AHD/W7
	quindecennial	adj	re: 15-year period	AHD
	quinquennium	n	5-year period	AHD/W7
	septennial	adj	(happening) every 7 years	AHD/W7
	sexennial	adj	(happening) every 6 years	AHD
	superannuated	adj	outmoded	AHD/W7
	triennium	n	3-year period	AHD/W7
	vicennial	adj	(happening) every 20 years	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Annalen	n.fem.pl	annals	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*at-aþni	n.neut	year	GED
	*aþn	n.neut	year	GED
	aþnam	n.neut.dat.pl	years	W7/GED
Italic
Oscan:	acunum	n.gen.pl	of years	GED
	akeneí	n.abl	in the year	GED
Umbrian:	acnu	n.acc.pl	years	GED
Latin:	annales	n.fem.pl	annals	W7
	annalis	adj	annual	W7
	anniversārius	adj	recurring annually	W7
	annus, anni	n.masc	annum	GED
	annuus	adj	annual, lasting one year	W7
	biennium	n.neut	2-year period	GED
	decennium	n.neut	10-year period	W7
	-ennium	sfx	year(s)	W7
	perennis	adj	lasting the entire year	GED
	quadriennium	n.neut	4-year period	W7
	quinquennium	n.neut	5-year period	W7
	quotannis	adv	yearly, annually	LRC
	triennium	n.neut	3-year period	GED
Late Latin:	annualis	adj	annual	W7
	septennium	n.neut	7-year period	W7
	vicennium	n.neut	20-year period	W7
Medieval Latin:	anniversāria	n	anniversary	AHD
	annuitas, annuitatis	n.fem	annuity	W7
	superannuor, superannuari, superannuatus	vb.dep	to be too old	W7
New Latin:	biennium	n.neut	every 2 years	W7
	-ennium	sfx	year(s)	W7
	millennium	n.neut	1000-year period	W7
Old French:	annuel	adj	annual	AHD
Anglo-French:	annuite	n	annuity	AHD
Middle French:	annuel	adj	annual	W7
	annuité	n.fem	annuity, annual tax/rent	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	átati	vb	to go, walk	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
abl	=	ablative (case)
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dat	=	dative (case)
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
gen	=	genitive (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
sfx	=	suffix
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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