The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- 'other; that (one)'

Semantic Fields: Like, Similar; to Separate

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	ēac	adv/conj	eke, and, even, moreover	LRC
Middle English:	ec/eek/ek(e)	adv/conj	eke, and	CDC
English:	auto-	pfx	self, by itself	TLL
	auto	n	car, automobile	LRC
	automobile	n	4-wheel automotive passenger vehicle	W7
	automotive	adj	self-propelled	W7
	eke	adv	also	AHD/W7
	ossia	conj	or else	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	āk/oke	conj	eke, and	GED/ASD
Frisian:	(e)ak	conj	eke, and	ASD
Dutch:	ook	conj	eke, and	CDC
Old Saxon:	ōk	conj	eke, and	GED
Low German:	āk/ōk/auk	conj	eke, and	CDC
Old High German:	ou(c)h	conj	eke, and	CDC
Middle High German:	ouch	conj	eke, and	CDC
German:	auch	conj	eke, and	CDC
	Auto	n.neut	auto	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	auk/ōk	conj	eke, and	ASD
Old Icelandic:	auk/ok	conj	eke, and	GED
Icelandic:	og	conj	and	ASD
Danish:	og	conj	eke, and	CDC
Swedish:	och/ock	conj	eke, and	CDC/ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	áuk	conj	eke; but, for, because	GED
	-u	int.sfx/pcl	[clause-initial enclitic]	GED
Italic
Oscan:	aut(i)	conj	but, again	GED
Umbrian:	ote/ute	conj	but; or	GED
Latin:	au	adv	away	GED
	aut	conj	or	GED
	autem	conj	but, again	GED
	sive	conj	or if, whether...or	LRC
	-ve	conj.sfx	or	LRC
	vel	conj	either/or	LRC
Portuguese:	ou	conj	either, or	TLL
Spanish:	o	conj	either, or	TLL
French:	auto	n	auto	TLL
	ou	conj	either, or	TLL
Italian:	o	conj	either, or	TLL
	ossia	conj	or else, that is	AHD
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	ovъ	dem.pron	this one here, that one there	GED
Hellenic
Ionic:	αὖτις	adv	again	GED
Greek:	αυ	pcl	again	LRC
	αὖ	adv	again, further	GED
	αὖγε	adv	again	GED
	αὖθις	adv/conj	again; but	GED
	αὖτε	adv/conj	then, again; but	GED
	αὖτιν	adv	again	GED
	αὔτις	adv	again	LRC
	αὖτις	adv/conj	again; but	GED
	αὐτός	pron	he, oneself	LRC
	ἑαυτός	refl.pron	himself	LRC
	ἑαυτοῦ	refl.pron	oneself	LRC
	ἡύτε	adv	just as	GED
	οὗτος	dem.pron	this	LRC
	οὔτω/οὕτως	adv	thus	LRC
	πάνυ	adv	very much	GED
	σἑαυτοῦ	refl.pron	yourself	LRC
	τοσοῦτος/τοιοῦτος	adj/pron	such	LRC
Iranian
Old Persian:	ava-	dem.pfx	that, yonder	GED
Avestan:	ava-	dem.pfx	that, yonder	GED
	ută	conj	eke, and	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	ava-	dem.pfx	that, yonder	GED
	u	conj	and, also; but	GED
	utá	conj	and, but, also	GED
	ū	conj	and, also	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	oki	conj	as, and	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
conj	=	conjunction
dem	=	demonstrative
int	=	interrogative (mood)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pcl	=	particle
pfx	=	prefix
pron	=	pronoun
refl	=	reflexive
sfx	=	suffix

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next