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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 9. au̯(e)- 'to flow, sprinkle; water, river, etc.'

Semantic Fields: to Flow; Water; River, Stream, Brook

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	u(i)sce	n	water	LRC
English
Old English:	otor/oter	n.masc	otter	W7/ASD
	ūrig-feðera	adj	lit. dewey-feathered	LRC
	wǣt	adj	wet	W7
	wǣtan	vb	to wet	W7
	wæter	n.neut	water	LRC
	wascan	vb	to wash	W7
	waðum	n.masc	wave, sea	LRC
	winter	n.masc	winter, (cold half of) year	LRC
	winter-cearig	adj	sorrowful, lit. winter-caring	LRC
	ȳð	n.str.fem	wave	LRC
Middle English:	abounden	vb	to abound	W7
	diuretic	adj	diuretic	W7
	oter	n	otter	W7
	redounden	vb	to redound	W7
	surrounden	vb	to overflow	W7
	urine	n	urine	W7
	washen	vb	to wash	W7
	water	n	water	W7
	wet	adj	wet	W7
	weten	vb	to wet	W7
	winter	n	winter	W7
	Ydra	prop.n	Hydra	W7
English:	abound	vb.intrans	to be present in great quantity/large numbers	AHD/W7
	anhydrous	adj	free from water, esp. water of crystallization	AHD/W7
	clepsydra	n	water clock	AHD/W7
	diuretic	adj	tending to increase flow of urine	AHD/W7
	enuresis	n	incontinence/involuntary discharge of urine	AHD/W7
	hydathode	n	plant epidermal structure for water exudation	AHD/W7
	hydatid	n	kind of larval tapeworm	AHD/W7
	Hydra	prop.n	many-headed water-serpent slain by Hercules	AHD/W7
	inundate	vb.trans	to overflow, cover with flood	AHD/W7
	nutria	n	coypu: South American aquatic rodent	AHD/W7
	otter	n	aquatic fish-eating mammal related to weasels/minks	AHD/W7
	redound	vb.intrans	to overflow, become swollen	AHD/W7
	redundant	adj	superfluous, exceeding what is necessary/normal	AHD/W7
	surround	vb.trans	to encompass, enclose on all sides	AHD/W7
	undine	n	water nymph	AHD/W7
	undulate	adj	having wavy surface/margin/markings	AHD/W7
	undulate	vb	to fluctuate, form/move in waves	AHD/W7
	ureter	n	duct carrying urine from kidney to bladder/cloaca	AHD/W7
	urethra	n	canal carrying urine from bladder	AHD/W7
	-uria	n.sfx	presence of (specified substance) in urine	AHD/W7
	urine	n	chief fluid excretory product of vertebrates	AHD/W7
	utricle	n	small pouches/saccate parts of animal/plant body	AHD/W7
	vodka	n	unaged, colorless neutral spirit distilled liquor	AHD/W7
	wash	vb	to cleanse by action of liquid (e.g. water)	AHD/W7
	water	n	liquid that falls from clouds as rain	AHD/W7
	wet	adj	containing, consisting of, or covered/soaked with liquid (water)	AHD/W7
	wet	vb	to make wet, cover/soak with water	AHD/W7
	winter	n	cold season between autumn/spring	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	ottar	n	otter	W7
	waskan	vb	to wash	W7
	wazzar	n	water	W7
	wintar	n.masc	winter	GED
Old Saxon:	wintar	n.masc	winter	GED
Old Frisian:	winter	n.masc	winter	GED
N-Germanic
Runic:	uintura	n.acc.pl	winter	GED
Old Norse:	uðr	n.fem	wave	LRC
	vatn	n.neut	water; lake, river, waterway	LRC
	vātr	adj	wet	W7
	vetr	n.masc	winter	LRC
Old Icelandic:	vetr	n.masc	winter	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	wato	n	water	LRC
	wintrus	n.masc	winter; year	GED
Italic
Umbrian:	utur	n	water	LRC
Latin:	abundo, abundāre	vb	to overflow	W7
	Aventinus, Aventini	prop.n.masc	Aventine (Hill, in Rome)	LRC
	clepsydra	n.fem	clepsydra	W7
	Hydra	prop.n.fem	Hydra	W7
	inundo, inundare, inundatus	vb	to flood	W7
	lutra	n.fem	otter	W7
	redundo, redundare	vb	to overflow	W7
	unda	n.fem	wave, water	GED
	undula	n.fem	little wave	W7
	undulatus	adj	wavy	W7
	urina	n.fem	urine	W7
	utriculus	n.masc	utricle	W7
Late Latin:	diureticus	adj	that provokes urination	W7
	superrundo, superundāre	vb	to overflow	W7
	undula	n.fem	small wave	W7
	urethra	n.fem	urethra	W7
New Latin:	enuresis	n.fem	involuntary discharge of urine	W7
	Hydra	n.fem	(genus name)	W7
	undina	n.fem	elemental being in theory of Paracelsus inhabiting water	W7
	ureter	n.masc	duct from kidney to bladder	W7
	-uria	sfx	urination	W7
Middle French:	abonder	vb	to abound	W7
	diurétique	adj	that provokes urination	W7
	redonder	vb	to overflow	W7
	suronder	vb	to overflow	W7
	urine	n.fem	urine	W7
Spanish:	nutria	n.fem	otter	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	unds	n.masc	water	GED
	wundan	n.neut	water	GED
Lithuanian:	vanduõ	n.fem	water	GED
Latvian:	ūdens	n.masc	water	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	voda	n.fem	water	LRC
Russian:	voda	n	water	W7
Albanian
Albanian:	ujë	n	water	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	anydros	adj	dry	W7
	diourein	vb	to urinate	W7
	diourētikos	adj	that provokes urination	W7
	enourein	vb	to urinate in, wet the bed	W7
	θησαυρός	n.masc	treasure	LRC
	klepsydra	n.fem	clepsydra	W7
	ourein	vb	to urinate	W7
	ourēthra	n.fem	urethra	W7
	ourētēr	n.masc	ureter	W7
	-ouria	afx	of urination	W7
	ouron	n.neut	urine	W7
	hydatis, hydatid-	n.fem	watery cyst	W7
	ὕδρα	prop.n.fem	Hydra	W7
	ὕδωρ	n.neut	water	LRC
Anatolian
Hittite:	wātar, wedenas	n.neut	water	LRC
Armenian
Armenian:	get	n	water, river	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	vaiδi	n	watercourse	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	udnás	n	water	LRC
	unátti	vb	to flow, wet	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
acc	=	accusative (case)
adj	=	adjective
afx	=	affix
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)