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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: au-lo-s : ēu-l- 'tube, pipe, aulos'

Semantic Field: Round (adj)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Gaelic:	carull/caireall	n	melody, harmony	CDC
Manx:	carval	n	carol	CDC
Breton:	koroll	n	dance	CDC
	korolla, korolli	n	to dance, move in cadence	CDC
Cornish:	carol	n	choir, concert	CDC
Welsh:	carol(i)	n	carol, song	CDC
	coroli	n	to dance, move in a circle	CDC
English
Middle English:	carol/carol(l)e	n	carol, ring	CDC/W7
English:	alveolus	n	small pit/cavity	AHD/W7
	aulos	n	flute, reed instrument	W2I
	carol	n	old round dance with song	AHD/W7
	hydraulic	adj	re: water/liquid	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	hydraulisch	adj	hydraulic	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	hvannjōli	n	stalk of angelica	W7
Italic
Latin:	alveolus	n.masc	tray, basin	W7
	alveus	n.masc	cavity, hollow	W7
	alvus	n.masc	belly	W7
	choraula	n.masc	choral song/accompanist	W7
	hydraulicus	adj	hydraulic	W7
Middle Latin:	carola	n	carol, Christmas song	CDC
New Latin:	alveolus	n.masc	tray, basin	W7
Spanish:	carola	n	carol, Christmas song	CDC
Old French:	carole	n.fem	carol, Christmas song	CDC
Italian:	carola	n	carol, Christmas song	CDC
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	αὔλη	n	flute music	LRC
	αὐλός	n.masc	flute, reed instrument; tube	LRC
Greek:	aulein	vb	to play a reed instrument	W7
	hydraulikos	adj	hydraulic	W7
	hydraulis	n.fem	hydraulic organ	W7
	choraulēs	n.masc	choral accompanist	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W2I	=	Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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