The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bak- 'stick, staff; to hit'

Semantic Fields: Weapons, Arms; to Strike, Hit, Beat

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Middle English:	bailli	n	bailey	W7
	pegge	n	peg	W7
English:	bacillus	n	aerobic rod-shaped bacterium	AHD/W7
	bacterium	n	microscopic, single-celled organism	AHD/W7
	baculiform	adj	rod-shaped	AHD/W7
	baguette	n	bead, molding smaller than astragal	AHD/W7
	bailey	n	outer wall of castle	AHD/W7
	debacle	n	violent breakup of river ice	AHD/W7
	imbecile	n	mentally deficient person	AHD/W7
	peg	n	plug, pin for a hole	AHD/W7
Italic
Latin:	baculus, baculum	n.masc/neut	staff	W7
	imbecillus	n.masc	weak, weak-minded	W7
Vulgar Latin:	bacculo, bacculare	vb	to bar with a stick	W7
Medieval Latin:	bacillus	n.masc	small staff, rod	W7
New Latin:	bacterium	n.neut	microscopic plant	W7
Old French:	baille	n.fem	wet-nurse, nanny	W7
	balie	n.fem	palisade, bailey	W7
Middle French:	bacler	vb	to bar	W7
	desbacler	vb	to unbar	W7
French:	baguette	n.fem	small stick; loaf of French bread	W7
	débâcle	n.fem	debacle	W7
	débâcler	vb	to unbar	W7
	imbécile	n.masc	idiot	W7
Old Provencal:	baclar	vb	to bar (with a stick)	W7
Hellenic
Greek:	baktērion	n.neut	staff	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)