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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhā- 'to speak'

Semantic Field: to Speak, Talk

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	antefn	n	anthem	W7
	bannan	vb	to summon	W7
	bēn	n	prayer	W7
	bōian	vb	to boast	RPN
Middle English:	abando(u)nen	vb	to abandon	W7
	antem	n	anthem	W7
	ban	n	ban	W7
	bane	n	banns	W7
	banishen	vb	to banish	W7
	bannen	vb	to curse, summon	W7
	boon	n	boon	W7
	confessen	vb	to confess	W7
	defamen	vb	to defame	W7
	diffamen	vb	to defame	W7
	enfaunt	n	infant	W7
	fable	n	fable	W7
	fairie	n	fairy land/people	W7
	fame	n	fame	W7
	famous	adj	famous	W7
	fate	n	fate	W7
	ineffable	adj	ineffable	W7
	infamous	adj	infamous	W7
	-phonie	n	-phony	W7
	preface	n	preface	W7
	profes	adj	having professed one's vows	W7
	professen	vb	to profess	W7
	prophete	n	prophet	W7
	symphonie	n	symphony	W7
English:	abandon	vb.trans	to give up, disavow rights/interest	AHD/W7
	anthem	n	hymn sung responsively or antiphonally	AHD/W7
	antiphon	n	psalm or verse sung antiphonally	AHD/W7
	aphonia	n	loss of voice and all but whispered speech	AHD/W7
	ban	n	order, decree, proclamation	LRC
	ban	vb	to curse	AHD/W7
	banal	adj	trite, lacking freshness or originality	AHD/W7
	bandit	n	brigand, outlaw	AHD/W7
	banish	vb.trans	to require to leave country	AHD/W7
	banns	n.pl	public announcement (in church) of proposed marriage	AHD/W7
	boon	n	favor, benefit	AHD/W7
	cacophonous	adj	harsh-sounding	AHD/W7
	confess	vb	to admit, acknowledge	AHD/W7
	contraband	n	illegal or prohibited traffic	AHD/W7
	defame	vb.trans	to disgrace	AHD/W7
	euphemism	n	subsitute for an offensive expression	AHD/W7
	euphony	n	pleasing or sweet sound	AHD/W7
	fable	n	fictitious narrative	AHD/W7
	fabliau	n	short, coarse, cynical tale in verse	AHD/W7
	fabulous	adj	legendary, resembling fable	AHD/W7
	fado	n	plaintive Portuguese folk song	AHD/W7
	fairy	n	a kind of small magic mythical being	AHD/W7
	fame	n	reputation, public esteem	AHD/W7
	famous	adj	widely known	AHD/W7
	fantoccini	n	puppets moved by strings or other devices	AHD/W7
	fate	n	destiny, principle by which things happen	AHD/W7
	ineffable	adj	indescribable, incapable of verbal expression	AHD/W7
	infamous	adj	having worst kind of reputation	AHD/W7
	infant	n	child in earliest period of life	AHD/W7
	infantry	n	soldiers trained/equipped/armed to fight on foot	AHD/W7
	-phasia	n.sfx	speech disorder	AHD/W7
	-phone	n.sfx	sound	AHD/W7
	phone	n	speech sound considered as mere physical event	AHD/W7
	phoneme	n	smallest unit of speech	AHD/W7
	phonetic	adj	relating to the sounds of speech	AHD/W7
	-phony	n.sfx	sound	AHD/W7
	Polyphemus	prop.n	a certain cyclops (Greek mythology)	LRC
	preface	n	eucharistic prayer of thanksgiving	AHD/W7
	profess	vb	to take religious vows	AHD/W7
	prophet	n	divinely inspired speaker	AHD/W7
	symphony	n	consonance of sounds	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	bannan	vb	to command	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	banna, bannað	vb	to prohibit, forbid	LRC
	bōn	n	petition	W7
Italic
Latin:	confiteor, confitēri, confessus	vb	to confess, admit	W7
	diffamo, diffāmare	vb	to defame	W7
	effabilis	adj	capable of being expressed	W7
	effor, effāri	vb	to speak out	W7
	fabula	n.fem	conversation, story, play	W7
	fabulosus	adj	of stories	W7
	facundus, facunda, facundum	adj	fluent, eloquent	LRC
	fāma, fāmae	n.fem	report, talk	LRC
	famosus	adj	famous	W7
	fans, fantis	vb.pres.ptc	speaking	W7
	fās	n.neut	right	LRC
	Fata	n.fem	goddess of fate	W7
	fateor, fatēri	vb	to acknowledge, admit, allow	W7
	fatum, fatī	n.neut	fate, divine utterance	LRC
	for, fārī, fātus	vb.dep	to talk	LRC
	ineffabilis	vb.ptc	ineffable, impossible to erase	W7
	infamis	adj	ill-famed, dishonoured	W7
	infans, infantis	adj/n.masc	incapable of speech; infant	LRC
	Polyphemus	n.masc	Polyphemus	W7
	praefatio, praefationis	n.fem	foreword	W7
	praefor, praefāri, praefātus	vb	to say beforehand	W7
	profiteor, profitērī, professus	vb	to profess, confess	W7
	propheta	n.fem	prophet	W7
	symphonia	n.fem	symphony	W7
Late Latin:	antiphona	n.masc	a psalm, verse, anthem or hymn sung antiphonally	W7
	euphonia	n.fem	euphony	W7
	professus	vb.ptc	professed, taught	W7
Medieval Latin:	bannus	n.masc	ban	W7
	contrabannum	n.neut	contraband, against the ban	W7
	defamō, defamāre	vb	to defame	W7
	prephatia	n.fem	foreword	W7
New Latin:	aphonia	n.fem	aphonia, impossibility to make a sound	W7
	-phasia	sfx	of speech	W7
	phoneticus	adj	phonetic	W7
Old Italian:	infante	n.masc	boy, foot soldier	W7
	infanteria	n.fem	infantry	W7
Italian:	abandonnare	vb	to abandon	CDC
	bandito	n.masc	bandit	W7
	contrabbando	n.masc	contraband	W7
	fante	n.masc	infantryman, jack	W7/CID
	fantòccio	n.masc	doll, puppet	W7/CID
Old French:	abandoner/abanduner	vb	to abandon	CDC
	fable	n.fem	fable	W7
	fabliau	n.masc	a popular medieval tale	W7
	faerie	n.fem	magical power, fairy reunion, lie	W7
	fame	n.fem	report, fame	W7
	fee	n.fem	fairy	W7
	fele	n.fem	fairy	W7
	-phonie	sfx	of the sound, sound	W7
	profes	adj	having professed one's vows	W7
	prophete	n.masc	prophet	W7
	symphonie	n.fem	symphony	W7
Middle French:	abandon	n.masc	surrender, abandon	W7
	ban	n.masc	feudal service	W7
	banal	adj	of compulsory feudal service, possessed in common, commonplace	W7
	banisse	vb.ptc	banished	W7
	confesser	vb	to confess	W7
	defamer	vb	to defame	W7
	diffamer	vb	to defame	W7
	enfant	n.masc	child	W7
	fable	n.fem	fable, tale with a moral content	W7
	fameux	adj	famous	W7
	ineffable	adj	ineffable, impossible to tell	W7
	infanterie	n.fem	infantry	W7
	preface	n.fem	foreword	W7
French:	banal	adj	banal, common, vulgar	W7
	euphonie	n.fem	euphony	W7
	fabliau	n.masc	fabliau, medieval tale or song	W7
	phonème	n.masc	speech sound, phoneme	W7
Provencal:	bandon	n	ban	CDC
Portuguese:	fado	n.masc	a plaintive portuguese folk song	W7
Slavic
Russian Church Slavic:	bajati	vb	to tell, to heal	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	antiphōnos	adj	responsive, sounding in answer	W7
	aphōnia	n.fem	aphonia	W7
	aphōnos	adj	voiceless	W7
	euphēmismos	n.masc	figure of speech: improving the sound of	W7
	euphēmos	adj	auspicious, sounding good	W7
	euphōnia	n.fem	euphony, harmony	W7
	euphōnos	adj	sweet-voiced, musical	W7
	kakophōnos	adj	cacophonous	W7
	Polyphēmos	n.masc	Polyphemus	W7
	προφητεία	n.fem	prophecy	LRC
	προφητεύω	vb	to prophesy	LRC
	προφήτης	n.masc	prophet	LRC
	prophētēs	n.masc	prophet, seer	W7
	symphōnia	n.fem	symphony	W7
	symphōnos	adj	concordant in sound	W7
	phanai	vb	to speak	W7
	-phasia	afx	speech	W7
	phasis	n.fem	utterance	W7
	φήμη	n	ominous voice, oracle	RPN
	phēmē	n.fem	speech	W7
	φῆμι	vb	to say	LRC
	phōnein	vb	to sound	W7
	phōnē	n.fem	voice	W7
	phōnēma, phōnēmat-	n.neut	speech sound, utterance	W7
	phōnētikos	adj	of sounds, of voice	W7
	-phōnia	sfx	act of sounding	W7
	-phōnos	sfx	sounding	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ban	n	speech, word	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
afx	=	affix
dep	=	deponent
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
pres	=	present (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CDC	=	wordnik.com (online): The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)