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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhares-, bhores- 'point, bristle, stubble (with formants)'

Semantic Fields: Point; Hard

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	barr	n	summit	GED/IEW
English
Old English:	bærs/bears	n	bass, perch	AHD/IEW
	bursta	n.fem	bristle	GED/IEW
	byrst	n.fem	bristle	GED/IEW
Middle English:	base/bace	n	bass	W7/CDC
	bristil	n	bristle	W7
	brust	n	bristle	W7
	fastidious	adj	fastidious	W7
English:	bass	n	edible spiny-finned fish	AHD/W7
	bristle	n	short stiff coarse hair	AHD/W7
	farinaceous	adj	starchy	AHD/W7
	farraginous	adj	formed of various materials	AHD/W7
	fastidious	adj	scornful	AHD/W7
	fastigiate	adj	narrowing toward top	AHD/W7
	fastigium	n	period of greatest (disease) intensity	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Frisian:	boarstel	n.masc/fem	bristle	ASD
Dutch:	borstel	n.masc	bristle	ASD
Old High German:	borst	n.neut	bristle	IEW
	burst	n.masc	bristle	IEW
	bursta	n.fem	bristle	GED/IEW
	bursti/pursta	n.fem	bristle	ASD
Middle High German:	bürste	n	brush	IEW
German:	Barsch	n.masc	bass	LRC
	Borste	n.fem	bristle	IEW
	Bürste	n.fem	brush	LRC
	bürsten	vb	to brush	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	barr	n.fem	conifer	GED/IEW
	burst	n.fem	bristle	GED/IEW
Icelandic:	burst	n.fem	bristle	ASD
Danish:	bōrste	n.masc/fem	bristle	ASD
Swedish:	borst	n.masc	bristle	ASD
	borste	n	brush	TLL
Italic
Latin:	fastidiosus	adj	disgusting	W7
	fastidium	n.neut	disgust	W7
	fastīgium	n.neut	tip, top	GED/IEW
	fastus	n.masc	arrogance	W7
New Latin:	fastigiatus	adj	narrowing towards the top	W7
	fastigium	n.neut	top, summit	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhr̥ṣtís̄	n	point, tip, edge	GED/IEW

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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