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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhedh- 'to flex, bend, crook'

Semantic Fields: to Bend; Hook, Crook

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bēd	n.neut	bead, worship, supplication	ASD
	bedecian	vb	to beg	CDC
	biddan, bæd, bǣdon, beden	vb.str.V	to bid, request	GED
	cnēow-gebed	n.str.neut	bead (with bending of knees)	GED
	(ge)bed	n	bead	W7
Middle English:	bede	n	bead	W7
	bidden	vb	to bid, pray	W7
English:	bead	n	prayer	AHD/W7
	bid, bid/bade, bid(den)	vb.str	to urge, beseech, invite, entreat	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	bede	n.str.fem	bead	GED
	bidda	vb.str	to bid, request	GED
Frisian:	bidde	vb	to bid, ask	ASD
Dutch:	bede	n	bead	CDC
	bidden	vb	to bid, ask	ASD
Old Saxon:	beda	n.str.fem	bead	GED
	biddian/biddean	vb.str	to bid, request	GED/ASD
	gibed	n	bead	CDC
	kneo-beda	n.str.fem	bead (with bending of knees)	GED
Old High German:	beta	n.str.fem	bead	GED
	bidjan/bitten/bittan	vb.str	to bid, request	ASD/GED/CDC
	gabet	n	bead	CDC
Middle High German:	bete	n	bead	CDC
	bieten	vb	to bid	CDC
	bitten	vb	to bid, ask	ASD
German:	bieten	vb	to bid	LRC
	Bitte	n.fem	bead, request, supplication	CDC
	bitten	vb	to bid, ask	CDC
	Gebet	n.neut	bead	CDC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	biðja	vb.str	to bid, request	GED
	knē-beðr	n.str.masc	pillow for knees (for prayer)	GED
Icelandic:	biðja	vb	to bid, ask	CDC
Danish:	bede	vb	to bid, ask	ASD
Swedish:	bedja	vb	to bid, ask	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bida	n.fem	bead	GED
	bidagwa	n	beggar	CDC
	bid(j)an	vb.str.V	to bid, ask, pray, request	GED
	ga-bidjan	vb.str.V	to pray, request	GED
	us-bida	vb.1.sg	I wish	GED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	bãdas	n	hunger	GED
Albanian
Albanian:	bashkë	adv	together	LRC
	bind	vb	to convince	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	jñu-bā́dh-	n.pfx	bending the knees	GED
	bā́dhate	vb	to press, harass	GED
	bā́dhas	n	oppression	GED
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	peti	n	worship, adoration	LRC
Tocharian A:	poto	n	worship, adoration	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
V	=	class 5
adv	=	adverb(ial)
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
sg	=	singular (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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