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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhei- 'bee (insect)'

Semantic Field: Bee

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	bydalf	n	beehive	LRC
Old Irish:	bech	n	bee	RPN
English
Old English:	bēo	n	bee	RPN
	Bēowulf	prop.n.masc	Bear, lit. bee-wolf	LRC
Middle English:	bee	n	bee	W7
English:	bee	n	social insect: maker of honey	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	bī(n)a	n	bee	RPN
German:	Biene	n.fem	bee	LRC
Dutch:	bij	n	bee	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bý	n	bee	LRC
Italic
Latin:	fūcus, fūci	n.masc	drone bee	LRC
Baltic
Old Prussian:	bitte	n	bee	LRC
Lithuanian:	bìtė	n	bee	RPN
	bitìs	n.masc	bee	W7
Latvian:	bite	n.fem	bee	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	bьčela	n	bee	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	φοβέω	vb	to terrify	LRC
Iranian
Baluchi:	bēnog	n	honey	RPN
Indic
Dameli:	binaká	n	bee	RPN
	bin	n	honey	RPN
Pashai:	bēn	n	honey	RPN
Shumashti:	bəen	n	honey	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)