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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. bhel-   'to grow, spread, swell'

Semantic Fields: to Grow; to Strew, Spread Out

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: ball n.masc penis, part of body GED
English  
Old English: ballice adv defiantly, bravely GED
  beald adj bold GED
  b(e)aldor n.str.masc prince, master GED
  bealloc n.fem testicle GED
  bealluc, beallucas n testicle(s) RPN
  blǣd n.masc breath, blowing GED
  blǣdre n bladder W7
  blǣs n.neut blowing GED
  blǣst n.str.masc blast, breath GED
  blǣstan vb.wk to blast, blow GED
  blāwan vb.wk to blow GED
  bolla n.wk.masc bowl, dish, vase GED
  bula n bull W7
  bulluc n.str.neut bull, bullock, breeding animal GED
  byldan vb.wk to encourage GED
Middle English: bal n ball W7
  bale n bundle W7
  baleine n whale, baleen W7
  ballock n bollix W7
  bawde n bawdry W7
  bladder n bladder W7
  blasen vb to blaze W7
  blast n blast W7
  blowen vb to blow W7
  bold adj bold W7
  bole n bole W7
  bolle n bowl W7
  bule n bull W7
  bulk n bulk W7
  flavor n flavor W7
  folie n folly W7
  fool n fool W7
  fullen vb to full W7
English: afflatus n inspiration, divine imparting of knowledge/power AHD/W7
  Balder prop.n comely but ill-fated son of Odin LRC
  bale n large bundle of goods AHD/W7
  baleen n whalebone AHD/W7
  ball n round(ish) body/mass AHD/W7
  ballock n testis AHD/W7
  balloon n nonporous air-filled bag made of light but tough material AHD/W7
  ballot n small ball used for secret vote AHD/W7
  ballottement n finger push on uterine wall to diagnose pregnancy AHD/W7
  bawd n pander AHD/W7
  bilberry n plant akin to blueberry AHD/W7
  bladder n membranous sac in animal serving as liquid receptacle AHD/W7
  blast n violent gust of wind AHD/W7
  blather vb.intrans to talk foolishly AHD/W7
  blaze vb.trans to proclaim, make public/conspicuous AHD/W7
  blow vb to move (air) with speed/force AHD/W7
  bold adj intrepid, fearless before danger AHD/W7
  bole n base/trunk of tree AHD/W7
  bollix vb.trans to throw into disorder AHD/W7
  boulder n detached, rounded, much-worn rock mass AHD/W7
  bowl n concave/hemispherical vessel for holding liquid AHD/W7
  bulk n volume, magnitude AHD/W7
  bull n adult male bovine animal AHD/W7
  flabellum n body part/organ resembling fan AHD/W7
  flageolet n small flute resembling treble recorder AHD/W7
  flatulent adj marked/affected by intestinal/stomach gases AHD/W7
  flavor n fragrance, odor AHD/W7
  follicle n small anatomical cavity/deep narrow-mouthed depression AHD/W7
  folly n lack of foresight/good sense/normal prudence AHD/W7
  fool n one lacking in judgment/prudence AHD/W7
  full vb.trans to shrink/thicken (woolen cloth) using moisture/heat/pressure AHD/W7
  inflate vb to swell/distend with air/gas AHD/W7
  insufflate vb.trans to blow on/into AHD/W7
  isinglass n whitish, semi-transparent pure gelatin AHD/W7
  ithyphallic adj re: phallus carried in ancient bacchic festival procession AHD/W7
  phallus n (symbol/representation of) male sexual organ AHD/W7
  phellogen n secondary meristem initiating phellem/phelloderm in plant stem AHD/W7
  phloem n complex tissue in higher plant vascular system AHD/W7
  rocambole n European leek AHD/W7
  souffle n a certain dish made of egg yolk or whipped egg whites AHD/W7
W-Germanic  
Old High German: bald adj bold GED
  balden vb.wk to encourage GED
  baldī n.wk.fem bravery GED
  balla n.fem ball GED
  ballo n.wk.masc ball GED
  blāan vb.wk to blow GED
  blāen vb to blow W7
  blāo adj bluish GED
  blāsa n.fem bubble GED
  blāsan vb.str to blow GED
  blāsen vb to blow RPN
  blāst n.str.masc blast, breath GED
  blāt n.masc blowing GED
  blātara n bladder W7
  bolla n blister W7
Middle High German: blōdern vb to chatter W7
New High German: bille n.fem penis GED
  bulle n.fem vulva GED
German: Bolle n bulb W7
  Rockenbolle n European leek W7
Old Saxon: bald adj bold GED
  beldian vb.wk to encourage GED
Middle Low German: blāsen vb.str to blow GED
  bulle n.str.neut bull, bullock, breeding animal GED
Middle Dutch: blase n bladder W7
  blāsen vb to blow W7
  huusblase n sturgeon bladder; isinglass W7
Dutch: huizenblas n isinglass W7
Old Frisian: blāu adj bluish GED
N-Germanic  
Old Norse: Baldr n.masc Balder, a Norse god W7
  blaðra vb to chatter W7
  bolr n bole W7
  bulki n cargo W7
  böllr n ball, testicle W7
Old Icelandic: baldinn adj defiant, brave GED
  Baldr prop.n Baldr (deity) GED
  ballr adj bold GED
  bella vb.wk to encourage GED
  blār adj bluish GED
  blāsa vb.str to blow GED
  blāstr n.str.masc blast, breath GED
  blǣr n.masc gust of wind GED
  boli n.str.neut bull, bullock, breeding animal GED
  bǫllr n.str.masc ball, testicle GED
  her-baldr n.str.masc leader of army GED
Danish: bølle n whortleberry W7
Swedish: buller n noise W7
  bullersten n large stone in a stream W7
E-Germanic  
Gothic: balþaba adv boldly, frankly GED
  *uf-blesan vb.str.VII to (be) boast(ful), be puffed up GED
  ufblēsan vb.str.VII to puff up LRC
Italic  
Latin: afflo, afflāre, afflātus vb to blow on W7
  balaena n.fem whale W7
  flabellum n.neut fan W7
  flātus n.masc blowing, breath, wind GED
  flāvus adj golden yellow GED
  flō, flāre vb to blow RPN
  folliculus n.masc little bag; inflated ball; scrotum RPN
  follis n.masc leather bag, bellows; scrotum RPN
  fullō n.masc fuller W7
  inflo, inflare, inflatus vb to blow in W7
  phallus n.masc phallus W7
  sufflō, sufflāre vb to blow, puff up W7
Vulgar Latin: flabeolum n.neut flute W7
  flator n.masc flavor W7
  fullo, fullāre vb to full W7
Late Latin: insufflo, insufflāre, insufflāvī, insufflātus vb to insufflate W7
New Latin: flabellum n.neut a body organ resembling a fan W7
Italian: balla n.fem ball, of Gmc origin W7
  ballone n.masc large football W7
  ballotta n.fem boiled chestnut, ballot ball W7/CID
Old French: flajol n.masc small flute W7
  flajolet n.masc small flute W7
  fol adj fool, crazy W7
  folie n.fem folly, craziness W7
Middle French: baloter vb to toss about W7
  balotte n.fem little ball W7
  flaor n.fem flavor W7
  flatulent adj passing gas W7
  flavor n.fem flavor W7
  fouler vb to trample W7
French: ballon n.masc large football, balloon, rounded glass for fine alcohols W7
  ballottement n.masc rolling motion, shaking W7
  ballotter vb to toss around W7
  flageolet n.masc flageolet, haricot bean W7
  rocambolesque adj extravagant, of a story telling extraordinary adventures W7
  souffle n.masc light wind, breath W7
  souffler, soufflē vb to blow, puff up W7
Baltic  
Lithuanian: bulė n buttocks GED
  bulìs n buttocks GED
Hellenic  
Greek: ithyphallikos adj with phallus erect W7
  ithyphallos n.masc erect phallus W7
  φάλης n penis GED
  phallaina n.fem whale, sea monster W7
  φαλλός n penis GED
  phellos n.masc cork W7
  φληνέω vb to be talkative GED
Armenian  
Armenian: bl-roy n.gen hill GED
  bolor adj round GED
Indic  
Sanskrit: bulis n.fem buttocks, vulva GED

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
VII=class 7
adj=adjective
adv=adverb(ial)
fem=feminine (gender)
gen=genitive (case)
intrans=intransitive
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prop=proper
str=strong (inflection)
trans=transitive
vb=verb
wk=weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
CID=Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED=Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN=Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)