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Indo-European Lexicon

Pokorny Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. bher- 'to bear, bring, carry'

Semantic Fields: to Bring; to Bear, Carry

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Welsh:	hebrwng	vb	to accompany	W7
Old Irish:	biru	vb	to bear	RPN
English
Old English:	bǣr	n.fem	bier	W7/ASD
	bearm	n.masc	bosom, lap	LRC
	bearn	n.neut	child	LRC
	bearwe	n	barrow	W7
	beorþor	n	childbirth	RPN
	beran, bær, bǣron, boren	vb.str.IV	to bear, give birth, suffer	RPN
	bringan	vb	to bring	W7
	byre	n	strong wind, storm	RPN
	byrðen	n	burden	W7
	forberan	vb	to forbear	W7
	offrian	vb	to offer	W7
Middle English:	barew	n	barrow	W7
	bere	n	bier	W7
	beren	vb	to bear	W7
	bern, barn	n	baby, child	W7
	birr	n	birr	W7
	birth	n	birth	W7
	bore	n	wave	W7
	bringen	vb	to bring	W7
	burden	n	burden	W7
	circumference	n	circumference	W7
	deferren, differren	vb	to defer	W7
	differen	vb	to differ	W7
	ferret	n	ferret	W7
	fertile	adj	fertile	W7
	forberen	vb	to forbear	W7
	fortune	n	fortune	W7
	furet	n	ferret	W7
	offren	vb	to offer	W7
	preferren	vb	to prefer	W7
	profren	vb	to proffer	W7
	referren	vb	to refer	W7
	suffren	vb	to suffer	W7
	transferren	vb	to transfer	W7
English:	afferent	adj	bearing/conducting inward	AHD/W7
	amphora	n	jar/vase with large oval body/narrow neck/two handles	AHD/W7
	anaphora	n	repetition for rhetorical/poetic effect	AHD/W7
	barrow	n	handcart, wheelbarrow	AHD/W7
	bear	vb	to carry: support and move	AHD/W7
	bier	n	framework for carrying	AHD/W7
	birr	n	force/onward rush (e.g. of wind)	AHD/W7
	birth	n	emergence of new individual from body of mother	AHD/W7
	bore	n	tidal flood with high abrupt front	AHD/W7
	bring	vb	to lead/carry/cause to come toward (place of reference)	AHD/W7
	burden	n	load, something carried	AHD/W7
	circumference	n	perimeter of circle	AHD/W7
	confer	vb	to compare	AHD/W7
	defer	vb	to refer for decision	AHD/W7
	defer	vb.trans	to delay, put off	AHD/W7
	diaphoresis	n	perspiration	AHD/W7
	differ	vb.intrans	to be unlike/distinct in form/nature/characteristics	AHD/W7
	efferent	adj	conducting outward from	AHD/W7
	euphoria	n	feeling of elation/well-being	AHD/W7
	-fer	n.pfx	one that bears	AHD/W7
	ferret	n	partially domesticated often albino European polecat	AHD/W7
	fertile	adj	producing/bearing fruit in large quantity	AHD/W7
	forbear	vb	to endure, bear with	AHD/W7
	fortuitous	adj	occurring by chance	AHD/W7
	fortune	n	hypothetical force/personified power determining events/issues	AHD/W7
	furtive	adj	surreptitious, done by stealth	AHD/W7
	furuncle	n	boil, local skin infection or swelling	AHD/W7
	infer	vb	to derive as conclusion from facts/premises	AHD/W7
	metaphor	n	word/phrase used instead of another to suggest likeness/analogy	AHD/W7
	offer	vb	to sacrifice, present as act of worship/devotion	AHD/W7
	opprobrium	n	something that brings disgrace	AHD/W7
	paraphernalia	n	property controlled by married woman	AHD/W7
	periphery	n	perimeter of circle/other closed curve	AHD/W7
	-phore	n.pfx	carrier	AHD/W7
	-phoresis	n.pfx	transmission	AHD/W7
	phosphorus	n	phosphorescent substance/body	AHD/W7
	prefer	vb.trans	to promote/advance to rank/position	AHD/W7
	proffer	vb	to offer, tender, present for acceptance	AHD/W7
	refer	vb	to regard/classify/think of within general group/category	AHD/W7
	suffer	vb	to submit to, be forced to endure	AHD/W7
	telpher	n	light car suspended from/running on aerial cables	AHD/W7
	tocopherol	n	oily fat-soluble phenolic compound	AHD/W7
	transfer	vb	to transport, convey to another person/place/situation	AHD/W7
	vociferate	vb	to clamor, cry out loudly	AHD/W7
Scots English:	bairn	n	baby, child	W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	barn	n	baby, child	W7
	beran	vb	to bear	W7
	bringan	vb	to bring	W7
Middle High German:	burren	vb	to rush, roar, whir	RPN
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	baðmr	n.masc	tree	LRC
	bāra	n	wave	W7
	barn	n.neut	child	LRC
	bera	vb	to bear, give birth, endure	LRC
	burðr	n.masc	birth	LRC
	byrðr	n.fem	burden, load	LRC
	byrr	n	favoring wind	W7
E-Germanic
Gothic:	baíran	vb.str.IV	to bear, give birth	LRC
	barn	n.str.neut	child	LRC
	barniskei	n.wk.fem	childish thing	LRC
	baur	n	son, child	RPN
Italic
Latin:	afferens, afferentis	adj/vb.ptc	consequent, that comes with	W7
	affero, afferre	vb	to bring to	W7
	amphora	n.fem	amphora	W7
	circumferentia	n.fem	circumference	W7
	circumfero, circumferre	vb	to carry around	W7
	confero, conferre	vb	to bring together	W7
	defero, deferre	vb	to bring (down)	W7
	differo, differre	vb	to be different, go in another direction	W7
	differro, differre	vb	to postpone, be different	W7
	effero, efferre	vb	to carry out, elevate	W7
	-fer	sfx	which brings, produces	W7
	ferō, ferre	vb	to bear, give birth	LRC
	fertilis	adj	fertile	W7
	fors, fortis	n.fem	chance, luck, fortune	W7
	fortuitus	adj	random	W7
	fortuna, fortunae	n.fem	fortune, chance	LRC
	fur	n.masc	thief	W7
	furō, furere	n	to rage, be furious	RPN
	furo	n.masc	ferret, thief	W7
	furtivus	adj	secret, concealed, furtive	W7
	furtum	n.neut	theft	W7
	furunculus	n.masc.dim	petty thief, sucker, furuncle	W7
	infer	adj	the lowest	W7
	infero, inferre	vb	to bring/carry in/into	W7
	metaphora	n.fem	metaphor	W7
	offero, offerre	vb	to offer, present	W7
	opprobrium	n.neut	opprobrium	W7
	opprobro, opprobrare	vb	to reproach	W7
	praefero, praeferre	vb	to prefer, put in front	W7
	probrum	n.neut	reproach	W7
	refero, referre	vb	to bring back, report, refer	W7
	suffero, sufferre	vb	to bring under	W7
	tranfero, transferre	vb	to carry through	W7
	vōciferor, vōciferari, vōciferatus	vb.dep	to vociferate	W7
Vulgar Latin:	furittus	n.masc	little thief	W7
	sufferio, sufferire	vb	to suffer	W7
Late Latin:	anaphora	n.fem	anaphora, figure of style	W7
	diaphoresis	n.fem	dissipation by perspiration	W7
	peripheria	n.fem	periphery	W7
Medieval Latin:	paraphernalia	n.neut.pl	private property of a married woman	W7
New Latin:	euphoria	n.fem	euphoria, joy	W7
	-phoresis	sfx	act of carrying	W7
	-phorus	sfx	bearing	W7
	phosphorus	n.masc	phosphorus	W7
Old French:	offrir	vb	to offer	W7
	poroffrir	vb	to offer	W7
	souffrir	vb	to suffer	W7
Anglo-French:	profrer	vb	to offer, present	W7
Middle French:	circumference	n.fem	circumference	W7
	deferer, defferer	vb	to bring down to someone	W7
	differer	vb	to postpone, be different	W7
	fertile	adj	fertile	W7
	fortune	n.fem	chance, fortune	W7
	furet	n.masc	ferret	W7
	inferer	vb	to infer	W7
	metaphore	n.fem	metaphor	W7
	périphérie	n.fem	periphery	W7
	préférer	vb	to prefer	W7
French:	efférent	adj	to be carried outward	W7
	-fère	adj.sfx	(production)	W7
	furtif	adj	furtive	W7
	furtive	adj.fem	furtive	W7
	offrir	vb	to offer	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	bérnas	n	son, boy	RPN
Latvian:	bērns	n.masc	child	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	beru	vb	to bear	LRC
	burja	n	storm	RPN
	sъborъ	n.masc	counsel, meeting	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	bir	n	son	RPN
	burrë	n	man	RPN
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	φέρω	vb	to bear, bring, endure	LRC
Greek:	amphiphoreus	n.masc	amphora	W7
	amphoreus	n.masc	amphora	W7
	anapherein	vb	to refer, carry back	W7
	anaphora	n.fem	act of carrying back, reference	W7
	diaphorein	vb	to dissipate by perspiration	W7
	diaphorēsis	n.fem	diaphoresis	W7
	euphoria	n.fem	vigour	W7
	euphoros	adj	healthy, vigorous	W7
	metapherein	vb	to transfer	W7
	metaphora	n.fem	metaphor	W7
	parapherna	n.neut.pl	goods a bride brings over and above the dowry	W7
	periphereia	n.fem	periphery	W7
	phernē	n.fem	dowry	W7
	phorein	vb	to carry, wear	W7
	phoreus	n.masc	bearer	W7
	phorēsis	n.fem	act of carrying	W7
	-phoros	sfx	carrying	W7
	φορτίον	n	load, burden, child in womb	RPN
	φῡ́ρω	vb	to mix	RPN
	phōsphoros	adj	light-bearing	W7
Late Greek:	anaphora	n.fem	anaphora, figure of style	W7
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	bari	adj	good	LRC
Armenian:	berem	vb	to bear	RPN
	buṙn	n	violence	RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	baraiti	vb	to bear	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhárati	vb	to bear, suffer, give birth	RPN
	bháriman-	adj/n	supporting; family	RPN
	bhuráti	vb	to move rapidly, stir	RPN
	bhurváṇi-ḥ	adj	restless, excited	RPN
	bhṛtá-ḥ	vb.pass.past.ptc	borne, carried, brought	RPN
	bhriyáte	vb.pass	to be borne	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
IV	=	class 4
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pass	=	passive (voice)
past	=	past (tense)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)