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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bheu- 'to grow, prosper'

Semantic Fields: to Grow; Strong, Mighty, Powerful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	bōi	vb.pret	was	LRC
English
Old English:	bēam	n	tree, beam	W7
	bēon	vb	to be	W7
	bōgian	vb	to dwell, settle (at)	RPN
	bū	n	dwelling	RPN
	būan, būde, bȳne	irr.vb	to dwell, live, inhabit	LRC
	būr	n	dwelling	W7
	byldan	vb	to build	W7
	bȳre	n	byre	W7
	gebūr	n	dweller	W7
	hūsbonda	n	master of a house	W7
	nēahgebūr	n.masc	neighbor ('near-dweller')	W7/ASD
Middle English:	beem	n	beam	W7
	been	vb	to be	W7
	bilawe	n	bylaw	W7
	bilden	vb	to build	W7
	bothe	n	booth	W7
	boun	adj	bound	W7
	bour	n	dwelling	W7
	byre	n	byre	W7
	future	n	future	W7
	husbonde	n	husband	W7
	neighbor	n	neighbor	W7
	phisik	n	medical/natural science	W7
	phisiken	vb	to administer medical treatment	W7
English:	apophysis	n	expanded/projecting part of organism	AHD/W7
	be, been	vb	to be equal in meaning, have same connotation as	AHD/W7
	beam	n	long piece of heavy timber used in construction	AHD/W7
	Boer	prop.n	white South African of Dutch descent; rebel in Boer War	LRC
	boodle	n	group of people	AHD/W7
	boom	n	spar used to extend foot of sail/facilitate mooring/handling of cargo	AHD/W7
	boor	n	peasant	AHD/W7
	booth	n	temporary shelter for livestock/field workers	AHD/W7
	bound	adj	ready	AHD/W7
	bower	n	attractive dwelling/retreat	AHD/W7
	build	vb	to construct, form by uniting materials into composite whole	AHD/W7
	bumpkin	n	awkward, unsophisticated rustic	AHD/W7
	bumpkin	n	projecting boom of ship	AHD/W7
	bylaw	n	rule adopted by organization for government and regulation of affairs	AHD/W7
	byre	n	cow barn	AHD/W7
	diaphysis	n	shaft of long bone	AHD/W7
	epiphysis	n	separately ossifying bone part later ankylosed to main part	AHD/W7
	fiat	n	command that creates	AHD/W7
	forebear	n	forefather, ancestor	AHD/W7
	future	adj	(that) which is to be	AHD/W7
	husband	n	married man	AHD/W7
	hypophysis	n	pituitary body	AHD/W7
	Monophysite	prop.n	member of a certain early heretical Christian sect	LRC
	neighbor	n	one living/located near another	AHD/W7
	neophyte	n	proselyte, new convert	AHD/W7
	phyle	n	largest (ancient Athenian) political subdivision	AHD/W7
	phylum	n	line of descent within group	AHD/W7
	physic	vb.trans	to treat with/administer medicine to	AHD/W7
	physics	n	art/practice of healing disease	AHD/W7
	physique	n	bodily makeup, referring to strength/structure/appearance/constitution	AHD/W7
	-phyte	n.pfx	plant having (certain) habitat/characteristic	AHD/W7
	phyton	n	part of plant consisting of leaf and associated stem	AHD/W7
	symphysis	n	somewhat movable bone articulation in body's median plane	AHD/W7
	tracheophyte	n	vascular plant having conducting system of phloem/xylem	AHD/W7
Scots English:	bear	n	one who exists	W7
	been	vb	to be	W7
	forebear	n	ancestor	W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	bim	vb.1.sg	I am	W7
	boum	n	tree	W7
	būwan~būen~búan	vb	to dwell	RPN
	nāhgibūr	n	neighbor	W7
Old Saxon:	būan	vb	to dwell	RPN
Middle Dutch:	bomme	n	cask	W7
	bommekijn	n	little barrel	W7
Dutch:	boedel	n	estate, lot	W7
	Boer	n	Boer	W7
	boer	n	farmer, peasant	W7
	boom	n	tree	W7
	bouwen	vb	to dwell	RPN
Flemish:	boom	n	tree	W7
	boomken	n	shrub	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bōndi	n	yeoman, franklin, husband	W7
	búa, búinn	vb	to prepare, be ready; to settle	LRC
	būþ	n	booth	W7
	byggja, bygð	vb	to dwell, build, inhabit	LRC
	bȳlög	n	bylaw, rule adopted by a town	W7
	bȳr	n	town	W7
	hūsbōndi	n	husband, householder	W7
Old Icelandic:	ból	n	lair	RPN
	bú	n	household, farming	RPN
E-Germanic
Gothic:	bauan	vb	to live, dwell, inhabit	RPN
Italic
Latin:	fiat	vb.subj	let it be	W7
	fio, fieri	vb.defc	to be made, become	LRC
	fuī	vb.perf.1.sg	was, lived, have been	W7
	futurus	vb.ptc	about to be	W7
	physica	n.neut.pl	physics, natural science	W7
	physicus	adj	of nature	W7
	superbus, superba, superbum	adj	haughty	LRC
Late Latin:	neophytus	n.masc	beginner	W7
Medieval Latin:	Monophysita	n.fem	Monophysite	W7
New Latin:	apophysis	n.fem	bringing forth	W7
	byre	n.fem	a cow barn	W7
	diaphysis	n.fem	the shaft of a long bone	W7
	epiphysis	n.fem	separated ossification of a bone	W7
	hypophysis	n.fem	pituitary body	W7
	phylum	n.neut	a direct line of descent withing a group	W7
	phyton	n.neut	a structural unit of a plant	W7
	symphysis	n.fem	state of growing together	W7
	Tracheophyta	n.fem	genus name	W7
Old French:	fisique	n.fem	medicine	W7
	futur	adj	about to be	W7
French:	physique	adj	physical, bodily	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	bū́ti, yrà, bùvo	vb	to be	LRC
Latvian:	būt, esmu, biju	vb	to be	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	byvati, byvajǫ, byvaješi	vb	to be	LRC
	byti, bǫdǫ, bǫdeši	vb	to be, become	LRC
	prěbyti, prěbǫdǫ, prěbǫdeši	vb	to abide, remain	LRC
Albanian
Albanian:	buj	vb	to spend the night	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	diaphyesthai	vb	to grow between	W7
	diaphysis	n.fem	spinous process of the tibia	W7
	epiphyesthai	vb	to grow on	W7
	epiphysis	n.fem	growth	W7
	neophytos	adj	newly planted, newly converted	W7
	symphyesthai	vb	to grow together	W7
	symphysis	n.fem	state of growing together	W7
	hypophyein	vb	to grow beneath	W7
	hypophysis	n.fem	attachment underneath	W7
	phyesthai	vb	to grow	W7
	φύη	n.fem	stature	LRC
	phylē	n.fem	tribe	W7
	phylon	n.neut	tribe, race	W7
	phynai	vb	to be born, be by nature	W7
	physika	n.neut.pl	physical things, natural things	W7
	physikē	n.fem	study of nature	W7
	physikos	adj	of nature	W7
	physis	n.fem	growth, nature	W7
	phyton	n.neut	plant	W7
	φύω	vb	to grow, become, bring forth	LRC
Medieval Greek:	Monophysitēs	adj	Monophysite	W7
Iranian
Avestan:	bavaiti	vb	to be, become	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhávati	vb	to be, exist, become	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
1	=	1st person
adj	=	adjective
defc	=	defective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
irr	=	irregular
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
perf	=	perfect (aspect)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
pret	=	preterite (tense)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sg	=	singular (number)
subj	=	subjunctive (mood)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)