Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English
gloss; our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.
Pokorny Etymon: bheu- 'to grow, prosper'
Semantic Fields: to Grow; Strong, Mighty, Powerful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||||||
| Old Irish: | bōi | vb.pret | was | LRC | ||||
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | bēam | n | tree, beam | W7 | ||||
| bēon | vb | to be | W7 | |||||
| bōgian | vb | to dwell, settle (at) | RPN | |||||
| bū | n | dwelling | RPN | |||||
| būan, būde, bȳne | irr.vb | to dwell, live, inhabit | LRC | |||||
| būr | n | dwelling | W7 | |||||
| byldan | vb | to build | W7 | |||||
| bȳre | n | byre | W7 | |||||
| gebūr | n | dweller | W7 | |||||
| hūsbonda | n | master of a house | W7 | |||||
| nēahgebūr | n.masc | neighbor ('near-dweller') | W7/ASD | |||||
| Middle English: | beem | n | beam | W7 | ||||
| been | vb | to be | W7 | |||||
| bilawe | n | bylaw | W7 | |||||
| bilden | vb | to build | W7 | |||||
| bothe | n | booth | W7 | |||||
| boun | adj | bound | W7 | |||||
| bour | n | dwelling | W7 | |||||
| byre | n | byre | W7 | |||||
| future | n | future | W7 | |||||
| husbonde | n | husband | W7 | |||||
| neighbor | n | neighbor | W7 | |||||
| phisik | n | medical/natural science | W7 | |||||
| phisiken | vb | to administer medical treatment | W7 | |||||
| English: | apophysis | n | expanded/projecting part of organism | AHD/W7 | ||||
| be, been | vb | to be equal in meaning, have same connotation as | AHD/W7 | |||||
| beam | n | long piece of heavy timber used in construction | AHD/W7 | |||||
| Boer | prop.n | white South African of Dutch descent; rebel in Boer War | LRC | |||||
| boodle | n | group of people | AHD/W7 | |||||
| boom | n | spar used to extend foot of sail/facilitate mooring/handling of cargo | AHD/W7 | |||||
| boor | n | peasant | AHD/W7 | |||||
| booth | n | temporary shelter for livestock/field workers | AHD/W7 | |||||
| bound | adj | ready | AHD/W7 | |||||
| bower | n | attractive dwelling/retreat | AHD/W7 | |||||
| build | vb | to construct, form by uniting materials into composite whole | AHD/W7 | |||||
| bumpkin | n | awkward, unsophisticated rustic | AHD/W7 | |||||
| bumpkin | n | projecting boom of ship | AHD/W7 | |||||
| bylaw | n | rule adopted by organization for government and regulation of affairs | AHD/W7 | |||||
| byre | n | cow barn | AHD/W7 | |||||
| diaphysis | n | shaft of long bone | AHD/W7 | |||||
| epiphysis | n | separately ossifying bone part later ankylosed to main part | AHD/W7 | |||||
| fiat | n | command that creates | AHD/W7 | |||||
| forebear | n | forefather, ancestor | AHD/W7 | |||||
| future | adj | (that) which is to be | AHD/W7 | |||||
| husband | n | married man | AHD/W7 | |||||
| hypophysis | n | pituitary body | AHD/W7 | |||||
| Monophysite | prop.n | member of a certain early heretical Christian sect | LRC | |||||
| neighbor | n | one living/located near another | AHD/W7 | |||||
| neophyte | n | proselyte, new convert | AHD/W7 | |||||
| phyle | n | largest (ancient Athenian) political subdivision | AHD/W7 | |||||
| phylum | n | line of descent within group | AHD/W7 | |||||
| physic | vb.trans | to treat with/administer medicine to | AHD/W7 | |||||
| physics | n | art/practice of healing disease | AHD/W7 | |||||
| physique | n | bodily makeup, referring to strength/structure/appearance/constitution | AHD/W7 | |||||
| -phyte | n.pfx | plant having (certain) habitat/characteristic | AHD/W7 | |||||
| phyton | n | part of plant consisting of leaf and associated stem | AHD/W7 | |||||
| symphysis | n | somewhat movable bone articulation in body's median plane | AHD/W7 | |||||
| tracheophyte | n | vascular plant having conducting system of phloem/xylem | AHD/W7 | |||||
| Scots English: | bear | n | one who exists | W7 | ||||
| been | vb | to be | W7 | |||||
| forebear | n | ancestor | W7 | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old High German: | bim | vb.1.sg | I am | W7 | ||||
| boum | n | tree | W7 | |||||
| būwan~būen~búan | vb | to dwell | RPN | |||||
| nāhgibūr | n | neighbor | W7 | |||||
| Old Saxon: | būan | vb | to dwell | RPN | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | bomme | n | cask | W7 | ||||
| bommekijn | n | little barrel | W7 | |||||
| Dutch: | boedel | n | estate, lot | W7 | ||||
| Boer | n | Boer | W7 | |||||
| boer | n | farmer, peasant | W7 | |||||
| boom | n | tree | W7 | |||||
| bouwen | vb | to dwell | RPN | |||||
| Flemish: | boom | n | tree | W7 | ||||
| boomken | n | shrub | W7 | |||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | bōndi | n | yeoman, franklin, husband | W7 | ||||
| búa, búinn | vb | to prepare, be ready; to settle | LRC | |||||
| būþ | n | booth | W7 | |||||
| byggja, bygð | vb | to dwell, build, inhabit | LRC | |||||
| bȳlög | n | bylaw, rule adopted by a town | W7 | |||||
| bȳr | n | town | W7 | |||||
| hūsbōndi | n | husband, householder | W7 | |||||
| Old Icelandic: | ból | n | lair | RPN | ||||
| bú | n | household, farming | RPN | |||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | bauan | vb | to live, dwell, inhabit | RPN | ||||
| Italic | ||||||||
| Latin: | fiat | vb.subj | let it be | W7 | ||||
| fio, fieri | vb.defc | to be made, become | LRC | |||||
| fuī | vb.perf.1.sg | was, lived, have been | W7 | |||||
| futurus | vb.ptc | about to be | W7 | |||||
| physica | n.neut.pl | physics, natural science | W7 | |||||
| physicus | adj | of nature | W7 | |||||
| superbus, superba, superbum | adj | haughty | LRC | |||||
| Late Latin: | neophytus | n.masc | beginner | W7 | ||||
| Medieval Latin: | Monophysita | n.fem | Monophysite | W7 | ||||
| New Latin: | apophysis | n.fem | bringing forth | W7 | ||||
| byre | n.fem | a cow barn | W7 | |||||
| diaphysis | n.fem | the shaft of a long bone | W7 | |||||
| epiphysis | n.fem | separated ossification of a bone | W7 | |||||
| hypophysis | n.fem | pituitary body | W7 | |||||
| phylum | n.neut | a direct line of descent withing a group | W7 | |||||
| phyton | n.neut | a structural unit of a plant | W7 | |||||
| symphysis | n.fem | state of growing together | W7 | |||||
| Tracheophyta | n.fem | genus name | W7 | |||||
| Old French: | fisique | n.fem | medicine | W7 | ||||
| futur | adj | about to be | W7 | |||||
| French: | physique | adj | physical, bodily | W7 | ||||
| Baltic | ||||||||
| Lithuanian: | bū́ti, yrà, bùvo | vb | to be | LRC | ||||
| Latvian: | būt, esmu, biju | vb | to be | LRC | ||||
| Slavic | ||||||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | byvati, byvajǫ, byvaješi | vb | to be | LRC | ||||
| byti, bǫdǫ, bǫdeši | vb | to be, become | LRC | |||||
| prěbyti, prěbǫdǫ, prěbǫdeši | vb | to abide, remain | LRC | |||||
| Albanian | ||||||||
| Albanian: | buj | vb | to spend the night | RPN | ||||
| Hellenic | ||||||||
| Greek: | diaphyesthai | vb | to grow between | W7 | ||||
| diaphysis | n.fem | spinous process of the tibia | W7 | |||||
| epiphyesthai | vb | to grow on | W7 | |||||
| epiphysis | n.fem | growth | W7 | |||||
| neophytos | adj | newly planted, newly converted | W7 | |||||
| symphyesthai | vb | to grow together | W7 | |||||
| symphysis | n.fem | state of growing together | W7 | |||||
| hypophyein | vb | to grow beneath | W7 | |||||
| hypophysis | n.fem | attachment underneath | W7 | |||||
| phyesthai | vb | to grow | W7 | |||||
| φύη | n.fem | stature | LRC | |||||
| phylē | n.fem | tribe | W7 | |||||
| phylon | n.neut | tribe, race | W7 | |||||
| phynai | vb | to be born, be by nature | W7 | |||||
| physika | n.neut.pl | physical things, natural things | W7 | |||||
| physikē | n.fem | study of nature | W7 | |||||
| physikos | adj | of nature | W7 | |||||
| physis | n.fem | growth, nature | W7 | |||||
| phyton | n.neut | plant | W7 | |||||
| φύω | vb | to grow, become, bring forth | LRC | |||||
| Medieval Greek: | Monophysitēs | adj | Monophysite | W7 | ||||
| Iranian | ||||||||
| Avestan: | bavaiti | vb | to be, become | LRC | ||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | bhávati | vb | to be, exist, become | RPN | ||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| defc | = | defective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| subj | = | subjunctive (mood) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |