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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bheudh-, nasalized bhu-n-dh- 'to awaken, be aware'

Semantic Fields: to Wake; to Know

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	as-boind	vb	to refuse	GED
	buide	n	satisfaction	LRC
	ro-bud	n	warning, advice	GED
Cornish:	both	n	will	LRC
Welsh:	bodd	n	free will	LRC
English
Old English:	bēodan, bēad, budon, boden	vb.str.II	to bid, proclaim	LRC
	bodi(g)an/bodigean	vb	to bode, proclaim	ASD
	bydel/bȳdel	n.masc	beadle	W7/ASD
	for-bēodan/for-bīodan	vb.str.II	to forbid	GED/ASD
	on-bēodan	vb.str.II	to order, proclaim	GED
Middle English:	bedel(e)/bidel/budel	n	beadle, herald, messenger	W7/MEV/CDC
	beden	vb	to bid	W7
	bod(i)en	vb	to bode	W7/CDC
	forbidden	vb	to forbid	W7
English:	beadle	n	minor parish official who ushers/preserves order	AHD/W7
	bid, bid/bade, bid(den)	vb.str	to tell, offer, command	AHD/W7
	bode	vb.trans	to foretell, announce beforehand	AHD/W7
	Buddha	prop.n	enlightened being named in scriptures of Buddhism, esp. Siddartha Gautama	LRC
	forbid, forbad(e), forbidden	vb.str.trans	to prohibit, command against	AHD/W7
	verboten	adj	forbidden, prohibited	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	biada	vb.str	to bid, order	GED
	bodia	vb	to bode, proclaim	ASD
Dutch:	beul	n.masc	beadle	ASD
	bieden	vb	to bid	ASD
Old Saxon:	an-biodan/an-beodan	vb.str.II	to order, proclaim	GED/ASD
	biodan	vb.str	to bid, order	GED
Old High German:	biotan	vb.str	to bid, order	GED
	butil	n.masc	beadle, bailiff	W7/ASD
	far-biotan	vb.str.II	to forbid	GED
	in-biotan/in-piotan	vb.str.II	to order, proclaim	GED/ASD
Middle High German:	biuten	vb	to bid	ASD
	bütel	n	beadle	ASD
German:	bieten	vb	to bid	IEW
	Büttel	n.masc	beadle	ASD
	verboten	adj	verboten	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bjóða	vb	to bid, summon; provide	LRC
Old Icelandic:	bjōða	vb.str	to bid, order	GED
Icelandic:	bjōða	vb	to bid, order	CDC
	boða	vb	to bode, announce	ASD
Danish:	bebude	vb	to bode	CDC
	byde	vb	to bid	ASD
Swedish:	bjuda	vb	to bid	ASD
	båda	vb	to bode	CDC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ana-biudan	vb.str.II	to bid, order	GED
	biudan	vb	to bid	ASD
Italic
Medieval Latin:	bedellus	n	beadle, herald	AHD
Portuguese:	bedel	n	beadle	CDC
Spanish:	bedel	n	beadle	CDC
Old French:	bedel	n	beadle	CDC
French:	bedeau	n	beadle	CDC
Old Occitan:	bedel	n	beadle	CDC
Italian:	bidello	n	beadle	CDC
Baltic
Lithuanian:	budė́ti	vb	to wake, be awake	GED/RPN
	bùdinti	vb	to awaken	GED
	bùsti	vb	to awaken	LRC
Latvian:	baũslis	vb	to offer	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	bljudǫ	vb	to watch, observe	GED
	buditi	vb	to awaken	RPN
	bъdrъ	adj	watchful	RPN
	bъděti	vb	to wake, be awake	GED/RPN
Russian:	bljusti	vb	to watch	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	πεύθομαι	vb	to perceive, examine, experience	GED/RPN
	πυνθάνομαι	vb.dep	to inquire, examine, experience	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	baoδaiti	vb	to perceive	LRC
	baoðayeiti	vb	to indicate	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	Buddha	n	Buddha	W7
	buddhá-ḥ	n	awakened, enlightened; understood	RPN
	buddhí-ḥ	n	reason, discernment, intelligence	RPN
	bodhá-ḥ	n	knowledge, perception	RPN
	bódhati	vb	to wake, awaken; notice, observe, perceive	GED/RPN
	bodhi-ḥ	n	perfect knowledge/wisdom	RPN
	*bhudh/budh	vb	to understand, be awake	CDC
Tocharian
Tocharian B:	paut-	vb	to honor, flatter	GED
Tocharian A:	pot-	vb	to honor, flatter	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
II	=	class 2
adj	=	adjective
dep	=	deponent
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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