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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. bheug- 'to enjoy'

Semantic Fields: to Please; Glad, Joyful

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
English:	defunct	adj	having finished course of life/existence	AHD/W7
	function	n	occupation, official/professional position	AHD/W7
	fungible	adj	such that one may be used in lieu of another to satisfy obligation	AHD/W7
	perfunctory	adj	mechanical, characterized by routine/superficiality	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
German:	Funktion	n.fem	function	LRC
Italic
Latin:	defungor, defungi, defunctus	vb	to finish, to acquit oneself of	W7
	functio, functionis	n.fem	performance	W7
	fungor, fungi, functus	vb	to perform	W7
	perfungor, perfungi, perfunctus	vb	to accomplish, get through with	W7
Late Latin:	perfunctorius	adj	perfunctory	W7
New Latin:	fungibilis	adj	possible to perform	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhuṅkte	vb	to enjoy	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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