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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhlēu- : bhləu- : bhlū- 'bad, weak, miserable'

Semantic Fields: Bad; Weak, Infirm; Sad

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	blēat	adj	poor, wretched, miserable	RPN/IEW
	blēate	adv	wretchedly, miserably	ASD
	blēað	adj	shy, timid; gentle, peaceful; silly, stupid	IEW/ASD
English:	blot	n	weak/exposed point; exposed game piece	W7/ODE
Scots English:	blait	adj	naked, exposed, destitute	ASD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	blāt	adj	naked, exposed, destitute, miserable	ASD/ODE
Frisian:	bleat	adj	naked, exposed, destitute	ASD
Middle Dutch:	bloot/blōt	adj	poor, naked; wretched, miserable	ODE/ASD
Dutch:	bloot	adj	naked, exposed; wretched, miserable	ODE/ASD
Old Saxon:	blōdi	adj	coy, modest, bashful	IEW
Middle Low German:	blōt/bloot	adj	bare, mere; poor, naked	IEW/ODE
Old High German:	blōz	adj	bare, mere	ODE
Middle High German:	blœde	adj	timid; fragile	IEW
	blōz	adj	bare, mere; wretched, miserable	IEW/ASD
German:	blöde	adj	silly, stupid, idiotic, imbecilic	IEW
	bloss	adj	bare, mere	IEW
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	blauþr/blautr	adj	soft, weak, timorous	RPN/IEW
Icelandic:	blautr	adj	wretched, miserable	ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	blauþjan	vb	to void, abolish	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	φλαῦρος	adj	bad, shabby, useless	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
n	=	noun
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
ODE	=	C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966)
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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