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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhoso-s 'bare, naked'

Semantic Fields: to Clothe, Dress; Clothes, Clothing

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bær	adj	bare	W7
	bær-fōt	adj	barefoot	MEV
	bærlīce	adv	barely	MEV
Middle English:	bare/bair	adj	bare	W7/MEV
	barely	adv	barely, summarily	MEV
	barfot	adj	barefoot	MEV
English:	bare	adj	naked, without covering	AHD/W7
	barefoot	adj/adv	unshod, without footwear	W7
	barely	adv	plainly, openly, in meager manner	W7
W-Germanic
Middle Dutch:	baer	adj	bare	OED
Dutch:	baar	adj	bare	OED
Old Saxon:	bar	adj	bare	OED
Old High German:	bar/par	adj	bare	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	bar	adj	bare	ASD
German:	bar	adj	bare	LRC
	barfuss	adj	barefoot	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	berr	adj	bare	ASD
Danish:	bar	adj	bare	OED
Swedish:	bar	adj	bare	ASD
	bara	adv	only, barely	OED
Baltic
Lithuanian:	basas	adj	barefoot	W7/LD
	bosus	adj	bare	ASD
Slavic
Old Slavic:	bosiĭ	adj	barefoot	OED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LD	=	Bronius Piesarskas and Bronius Svecevicius: Lithuanian Dictionary (1994)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
MEV	=	J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922)
OED	=	James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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