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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon from Pokorny, with an English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principle parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear at the end. All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on corrections may be made and/or more reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: bhrā́ter- 'brother, family member'

Semantic Fields: Brother; Relative(s)

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	brāthir	n	brother	LRC
English
Old English:	brōðor	n.masc	brother	W7
	gebrōðor	n.masc.pl	brothers	LRC
Middle English:	brother	n	brother	W7
	confrere	n	confrere	W7
	fraternal	adj	fraternal	W7
	fratricide	n	fratricide	W7
	frere, fryer	n	friar	W7
English:	brother	n	male sibling	AHD/W7
	confrere	n	comrade, colleague	AHD/W7
	Fra	prop.n	Brother (Italian religious title)	AHD/W7
	fraternal	adj	re: brothers	AHD/W7
	fratricide	n	one who kills a sibling	AHD/W7
	friar	n	member of mendicant order	AHD/W7
	pal	n	partner	AHD/W7
	phratry	n	brotherhood, tribe, (religious) clan	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old High German:	bruodor	n.masc	brother	W7
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	bróðir	n.masc	brother	LRC
E-Germanic
Gothic:	brōþar	n.wk.masc	brother	LRC
Italic
Latin:	frāter, frātris	n.masc	brother	W7
	fraternus	adj	fraternal	W7
	fratricida	n.fem	killer of a brother	W7
	fratricidium	n.neut	killing of a brother	W7
Medieval Latin:	confrater	n.masc	fellow, brother	W7
	fraternalis	adj	fraternal, of a brother	W7
Italian:	Fra	n.masc	Brother (religious title)	W7
	frate	n.masc	friar, monk	W7
Old French:	frere	n.masc	brother, friar	W7
Middle French:	confrere	n.masc	colleague, member of the same fraternity	W7
	fratricide	n.masc	killing of a brother	W7
Baltic
Old Prussian:	brāti	n	brother	LRC
Lithuanian:	brólis	n.masc	brother	LRC
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	brat(r)ъ	n.masc	brother	LRC
Russian:	brat	n	brother	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	φράτηρ/φράτωρ	n.masc	brother, clansman, phratry member	LRC
	φράτρα	n.fem	phratry	LRC
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	ełbayr	n	brother	LRC
Iranian
Avestan:	bhrātar-	n	brother	LRC
Indic
Sanskrit:	bhrā́tar-	n	brother	LRC
Romani:	phral, phal	n	brother, friend	W7
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	pracar	n	brother	LRC
Tocharian B:	pracer	n	brother	LRC

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
adj	=	adjective
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)