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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. bhreu-s- 'to swell, sprout'

Semantic Field: to Grow

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	brú	n	belly	RPN
English
Old English:	brēost	n.neut	breast	W7/ASD
Middle English:	brest	n	breast	W7
	brusket	n	brisket	W7
English:	breast	n	protuberant mammalian milk-producing gland	AHD/W7
	breastfeed, breastfed	vb.str	to feed from breast	LRC
	brisket	n	(meat of) breast/lower chest of quadruped animal	AHD/W7
	browse	n	tender tree/shrub shoots/twigs/leaves	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	brust	n	breast	ASD
Frisian:	boarst	n	breast	ASD
Dutch:	borst	n.fem	breast	ASD
Old Saxon:	breost/briost	n.neut	breast	ASD
	brustian	vb	to sprout	W7
Old High German:	briustern	vb	to swell	RPN
	brust	n.fem	breast	W7/ASD
Middle High German:	brust	n.fem	breast	ASD
German:	Brust	n.fem	breast	ASD
	brüsten	vb	to brag, boast	LRC
N-Germanic
Icelandic:	brjōst	n.neut	breast	ASD
Danish:	bryst	n.neut	breast	ASD
Swedish:	bröst	n	breast	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	brusts	n.fem	breast	RPN/ASD
Italic
Middle French:	brout	n.masc	sprout	W7
	brouts	n.masc.pl	sprouts	W7
Slavic
Russian:	bryukho	n	belly	W7

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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