The University of Texas at Austin; College of Liberal Arts

Hans C. Boas, Director :: PCL 5.556, 1 University Station S5490 :: Austin, TX 78712 :: 512-471-4566

Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

Fans of J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings may appreciate the source & meaning tips that pop up when the mouse pointer hovers over a non-obvious word or name that he coined from Indo-European (usually Old English or Old Norse) stock. But only reflexes of PIE etyma can be included, and these tend to concentrate in the vocabulary of Rohan and the Shire.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dā : də-, and dāi- : dəi-, dī̆- 'to share, divide'

Semantic Field: to Divide

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	bidǣlan/bedǣlan, bidǣlde, bidǣled	vb.wk.I	to deprive, release	ASD
	dāl	n.neut	dole, division	W7/ASD
	ordāl	n	ordeal	W7
	tīd	n.fem	tide	LRC
	tīdan	vb	to tide, occur, happen	AHD
	tīdung	n	tiding	W7
	tīma	n	time, date	W7
	top	n	top, tuft/ball at high end	CDC
Middle English:	condemnen	vb	to condemn	W7
	damage	n	damage	W7
	dampnen	vb	to damn	W7
	demon	n	demon	W7
	dole	n	dole	W7
	firkin	n	firkin	W7
	ordal	n	ordeal	W7
	tappen	vb	to tap	IEW
	tide	n	time	W7
	tiden	vb	to tide	W7
	tiding	vb.ptc	occurring	AHD
	time	n	time	W7
	tippen	vb	to tip	IEW
	top(pe)	n	top	CDC
English:	condemn	vb.trans	to censure, declare wrong	AHD/W7
	daimon	n	demon	AHD/W7
	damage	n	loss/harm resulting from injury	AHD/W7
	damn	vb	to condemn (to punishment), repudiate	AHD/W7
	deme	n	local government unit in ancient Attica	AHD/W7
	democracy	n	government by common people	AHD/W7
	democratic	adj	re: democracy	W7
	demography	n	statistical human population study	AHD/W7
	demon	n	genius, attendant power/spirit	AHD/W7
	demos	n	populace, common people of ancient Greece	AHD/W7
	demotic	adj	popular	AHD/W7
	dole	n	allotted share/portion/destiny	AHD/W7
	endemic	adj	belonging/native to a people/country	AHD/W7
	epidemic	adj	affecting many at once	AHD/W7
	eventide	n	evening	AHD/W7
	firkin	n	small wooden cask/vessel	AHD/W7
	geodesy	n	applied mathematics identifying exact positions/areas of earth's surface	AHD/W7
	gotterdammerung	n	turbulent end of regime/institution	AHD
	indemnify	vb.trans	to secure against loss/damage	AHD/W7
	indemnity	n	security against loss/hurt/damage	AHD/W7
	ordeal	n	primitive means to determine guilt/innocence	AHD/W7
	pandemic	adj	widespread, affecting large fraction of population	AHD/W7
	tap	n	(sound of) light audible blow	W7
	tap	vb	to hit/strike lightly	IEW/W7
	ted	vb	to strew, spread out	GED
	tide	n	time, season, period	AHD/W7
	tide	vb.intrans	to befall, betide	AHD/W7
	tiding	n	piece of news	AHD/W7
	time	n	period/duration when something exists/continues	AHD/W7
	tip	vb	to tap, softly touch/push	IEW
	top	n	peak, crest, summit, highest part	CDC
	Weathertop	prop.n	windy hill in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings	LRC
	Yahrzeit	prop.n	anniversary of relative's death	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	ordēl/urdēl	n	ordeal	ASD
	tīd	n.fem	tidings	ASD
	top	n.masc	top, tuft, lock	CDC/ASD
Middle Dutch:	getes	adj	fitting, accommodating	GED
	onget(h)es	adj	restless	GED
	tiden	vb	to go, come	W7
	veerdel	n	quarter, lit. fourth-part	W7
Dutch:	tijding	n.fem	tidings	ASD
	top	n.fem	top	ASD
Old Saxon:	tīd	n.fem	tide, time, hour	ASD
	urdeili	n	ordeal	ASD
Low German:	tippen	vb	to tip	W7
Old High German:	irteilen	vb	to judge, distribute	W7
	teil	n	part	W7
	teilen	vb	to divide; render verdict	W7
	urteil(a)	n	ordeal, judgment	W7/ASD
	zetten	vb	to ted	GED
	zīt	n.fem	time, hour, age	W7/ASD
	zopf(e)	n.masc	top, tuft/lock of hair	CDC/ASD
Middle High German:	jārzīt	n.fem	anniversary	AHD
	tāpe	n	tap, (blow dealt with) paw	W7
	zīt	n.fem	time	AHD
	zītunge	n.fem	tidings	ASD
German:	Dämon	n.masc	demon	LRC
	Demokratie	n.fem	democracy	LRC
	Götterdämmerung	n.fem	gotterdammerung, twilight of the gods	AHD
	Jahrzeit	n.fem	anniversary	AHD
	Teil	n.masc	part	LRC
	teilen	vb	to divide	LRC
	Urteil	n.neut	judgment	LRC
	urteilen	vb	to judge	LRC
	Viertel	n.masc	quarter	LRC
	Zeit	n.fem	time	LRC
	Zopf	n.masc	tuft/lock of hair	LRC
Yiddish:	Yahrzeit	prop.n.fem	Yahrzeit, anniversary	AHD
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	deila, deilad	vb	to divide; quarrel, contend	LRC
	deili	n.neut.pl	details	LRC
	tíð	n.masc	time	LRC
	tīmi	n	time	W7
	toppr	n	top; mop/tuft/lock of hair	IEW
Old Icelandic:	tað	n.neut	manure (spread out)	GED
	teðja	vb.wk	to ted (manure)	GED
Icelandic:	tíð	n.fem	tide, time, hour	ASD
	tíðindi	n.fem	tidings, event	ASD
	tími	n.masc	time, hour	ASD
	toppr	n.masc	top, tuft, lock	ASD
Danish:	tidende	n.fem	tidings	ASD
	top	n.masc	top, tuft, crest, summit	CDC/ASD
Swedish:	topp	n.masc	top, summit	CDC/ASD
E-Germanic
Gothic:	dáils	n.str.fem	share, portion	LRC
	-tassaba	adv.sfx	in idleness	GED
	*ungatass	adj	idle, undisciplined	GED
Italic
Latin:	condemno, condemnāre	vb	to condemn	W7
	daemon	n.masc	daimon, divinity	W7
	damno, damnāre	vb	to damage, condemn	W7
	damnum	n.neut	damage, loss, fine	W7
	indemnis	adj	unharmed	W7
Late Latin:	daemon	n.masc	demon, evil spirit	W7
	democratia	n.fem	democracy	W7
	pandemus	adj	pandemic, re: all the people	W7
Old French:	condemner	vb	to condemn	W7
	dam	n.masc	damage	W7
	damage	n.masc	damage	W7
	dampner	vb	to doom, damage	W7
	toupet	n.dim	(little) top, tuft of hair	CDC
Middle French:	democratie	n.fem	democracy	W7
	epidemie	n.fem	epidemy, disease spreading among the people	W7
	taper	vb	to tap, strike with flat hand	W7
French:	démographie	n.fem	demography	W7
	endémie	n.fem	state of what never stops among the people	W7
	endémique	adj	never stopping among the people	W7
	épidémique	adj	epidemic, spreading among populace	W7
Italian:	toppo	n	end	CDC
Albanian
Albanian:	demokraci	n.fem	democracy	LRC
	demokratik	adj	democratic	LRC
Hellenic
Greek:	geōdaisia	n.fem	geodesy	W7
	daiesthai	vb	to divide	W7
	δαΐζω	vb	to slay, rend, cleave asunder	RPN
	daimōn	n.masc	daimon, divinity	W7
	δαίομαι	vb	to distribute	GED
	δαίω	vb	to divide	RPN
	δάσμα	n	portion	GED
	δατέομαι	vb	to distribute	GED
	dēmokratia	n.fem	democracy	W7
	dēmos	n.masc	people	W7
	δημοσίᾳ	adv	in public	LRC
	dēmotēs	n.masc	commoner	W7
	δημοτικός	adj	in common use, re: the people	LRC
	endēmia	n.fem	action of dwelling among the people	W7
	endēmos	adj	endemic, among the people	W7
	epidēmia	n.fem	visit, epidemic	W7
	epidēmos	adj	visiting, epidemic	W7
	pandēmos	adj	pandemic, re: all the people	W7
Indic
Sanskrit:	dáyati	vb	to divide, destroy	RPN
	dā́ti	vb	to cut, reap, divide, distribute	GED/RPN
	dyáti	vb	to cut, reap, divide	RPN
Tocharian
Tocharian A:	tät-k	vb	to cut up, separate	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
intrans	=	intransitive
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pl	=	plural (number)
prop	=	proper
ptc	=	participle
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
trans	=	transitive
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

Nearby etyma: previous | next