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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dem-, demə- 'to build, timber; house, domicile'

Semantic Fields: to Build; House

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	timber	n	wood, building, structure	GED
	timbran, timbrede, timbred	vb.wk.I	to timber	LRC
	timbr(i)an	n.str.neut	building, material	GED
	toft	n	toft	W7
Middle English:	beldam	n	grandmother, old woman	W7
	dam(e)	n	dam, dame, lady	W7
	Dan	prop.n	Dan	W7
	daunger	n	danger	W7
	dominioun	n	dominion	W7
	donjon	n	dungeon	W7
	madam(e)	n	madam	W7/AHD
	timber	n	timber	W7
	toft	n	toft	W7
English:	beldam	n	old woman	AHD/W7
	belladonna	n	European poisonous plant	AHD/W7
	dam	n	female parent	W7
	dame	n	woman of rank/station/authority	AHD/W7
	Dan	prop.n.dim	male nickname for Daniel	AHD/W7
	danger	n	jurisdiction	AHD/W7
	Despina	prop.n	satellite of Neptune	AHD
	despot	n	Byzantine emperor/prince	AHD/W7
	Dom	prop.n.dim	male nickname for Dominic	LRC
	domain	n	absolute ownership of land	AHD/W7
	dome	n	mansion, stately building	AHD/W7
	domestic	adj	re: household/family	AHD/W7
	domicile	n	house, abode, place of individual/family residence	AHD/W7
	dominate	vb	to rule	AHD/W7
	dominical	adj	re: Jesus Christ as Lord	AHD/W7
	dominie	n	pedagogue	AHD/W7
	dominion	n	sovereignty, supreme authority	AHD/W7
	domino	n	long loose hooded cloak, part of masquerade costume	AHD/W7
	don	n	Spanish nobleman/gentleman	AHD/W7
	Donna	prop.n	female given name	AHD
	duende	n	attraction by personal charm/magnetism	AHD
	dungeon	n	donjon (massive tower)	AHD/W7
	Madam	prop.n	My Lady [title for married woman]	AHD
	madam	n	lady	AHD/W7
	Madonna	prop.n	Christian title of Virgin Mary, mother of Jesus	LRC
	predominate	vb	to prevail, exert controlling power/influence	AHD/W7
	timber	n	(wood from) growing trees	AHD/W7
	timber	vb	to build/construct with timber	W7
	toft	n	site for dwelling and outbuildings	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	timber	n.neut	timber, material; building, structure	GED/ASD
	timbra/timmera	vb	to timber	ASD
	timbria/timmeria	vb.wk	to timber	GED
Dutch:	timmeren	vb	to timber	ASD
Old Saxon:	ge-timbrōn	vb	to timber	ASD
	timbar	n	timber; building, structure	GED
	timbrian/timbrōn	vb.wk	to timber	GED
	timbro/timmero	n	timberer, carpenter	GED
Old Low German:	ge-timbran	vb	to timber	ASD
	timbar	n.neut	timber, material	ASD
Old High German:	zimbar	n.neut	timber; room, building	W7/ASD
	zimbaren/zimbaron	vb.wk	to timber	GED
	zimber	n.str.neut	timber, material; building	GED
German:	Dame	n.fem	dame, lady	LRC
	Domizil	n.neut	domicile	LRC
	Zimmer	n.neut	room, chamber	LRC
	Zimmermann	n.masc	carpenter, lit. timber-man	LRC
	zimmern	vb	to timber, carpenter	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	timbra, timbrað	vb	to timber	LRC
	topt	n	site for homestead	W7
Old Icelandic:	timbr(a)	n	timber; building, structure	GED
	topt	n.fem	site, homestead	GED
Icelandic:	timbr	n.neut	timber, material	ASD
	timbra	vb	to timber	ASD
Danish:	dame	n	dame, lady	TLL
	tømre	vb	to timber	ASD
Swedish:	dam	n	dame, lady	TLL
	tomt	n	site, homestead	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*ana-timrjan	vb.wk.I	to build upon	GED
	*ga-timrjan	vb.wk.I	to build up	GED
	*ga-timrjo	n.fem	building, structure	GED
	timreins	n.fem	building, edification	GED
	timrja	n.masc	timberer, carpenter	GED
	*timrjan	vb.wk.I	to timber, build (up), edify	GED
Italic
Latin:	domesticus, domestica, domesticum	adj	domestic, re: domicile	LRC
	domicilium	n.neut	domicile, one's house	W7
	domina	n.fem	dame, lady, mistress	W7
	dominicus	adj	of a lord	W7
	dominium	n.neut	domain, ownership	W7
	dominor, dominari, dominatus	vb	to rule, govern	W7
	dominus, domini	n.masc	lord, master	LRC
	domus, domī	n.fem	house, dwelling	LRC
	domus, domūs	n.fem	house, dwelling	GED
	ēdomō, edomāre, edomuī, ēdomitum	vb	to conquer, subdue	LRC
Vulgar Latin:	dominiarium	n.neut	ownership	W7
	*dominicella	n.fem.dim	young lady	AHD
Late Latin:	dominicalis	adj	of Sunday	W7
	dominicus	adj	of Sunday	W7
Medieval Latin:	dominio, dominionis	n.masc	lord	W7
	domnus	n.masc	master	W7
	domus	n.fem	church, house	W7
	praedominor, praedomināri	vb.dep	to predominate	W7
Spanish:	don	n.masc	lord, master	W7
Old French:	dame	n.fem	dame, lady, mistress	W7
	damisele	n.fem	young lady	AHD
	dongier, dangier	n.masc	danger, power, domination	W7
Middle French:	Dan	n.masc	title of member of religious order	W7
	despote	n.masc	tyrant	W7
	domaine/demaine	n.masc	domain	W7
	domestique	adj	re: house	W7
	domicile	n.masc	one's house	W7
	dominion	n.masc	dominion, empire	W7
	donjon	n.masc	dungeon	W7
French:	dôme	n.masc	dome, cathedral	W7
	domino	n.masc	domino, board game	W7
	madame	n.fem	madam	AHD
	mademoiselle	n.fem	girl, lit. my young lady	AHD
American French:	Madame	prop.n.fem	Madam	AHD
	Mademoiselle	prop.n.fem	Miss, My Young Lady [title for girl/unmarried woman]	AHD
Italian:	belladònna	n.fem	belladonna, deadly nightshade	W7/CID
	duomo	n.masc	cathedral	W7
	Madonna	n.fem	the Madonna, Saint Mary; Lady [title of nobility]	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	dimstis	n	estate, farmstead	GED
	nãmas	n	house, dwelling	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	doma	adv	at home	LRC
	domašьnь	adj	domestic, re: the household	LRC
	domъ	n.masc	house	GED
Hellenic
Homeric Greek:	δάπεδον	n	floor, leveled ground	GED
	δόμος	n.masc	home, house, course of bricks	GED
	δῶ	n.neut	house, dwelling	GED
Greek:	δέμας	n	form, body, stature	GED
	δέμω	vb	to join, build, construct	GED
	δεσπότης	n.masc	despot, lord (of the house)	GED
	δῶμα	n.neut	home, house, building	GED
	ἐποικοδομεῖν	vb	to build upon	GED
	οἰκοδομεῖν	vb	to build (up), strengthen, edify, benefit	GED
Armenian
Classical Armenian:	tun	n	house	GED
Iranian
Avestan:	dam-	n	house	GED
	dəmąna-	n.neut	house, building	GED
	nmāna-	n.neut	house, building	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	dám-	n	house, dwelling	GED
	dám-pati-	n	lord of the house	GED
	mā́na-	n.masc	house, building	GED

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
dep	=	deponent
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
prop	=	proper
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CID	=	Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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