Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our
own English gloss; our Semantic Field
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
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Pokorny Etymon: denk̑- 'to bite'
Semantic Field: to Bite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||||||
| Old English: | intinga | n.masc | cause, reason | LRC | ||||
| tang(e) | n.fem | tong(s) | GED | |||||
| tōh | adj | tough | W7 | |||||
| Middle English: | tang | n | tang | W7 | ||||
| tonge(s) | n | tong(s) | W7 | |||||
| tough | adj | tough | W7 | |||||
| English: | tang | n | projecting shank/prong/tongue (e.g. on knife/sword) connected with handle | AHD/W7 | ||||
| tongs | n.pl | grasping device: pieces joined at end by pivot/hinge | AHD/W7 | |||||
| tough | adj | strong/firm in texture, flexible, not brittle | AHD/W7 | |||||
| zinc | n | crystalline bivalent metallic element | AHD/W7 | |||||
| W-Germanic | ||||||||
| Dutch: | tang | n.fem | tongs, forceps | ASD | ||||
| Old Saxon: | tanga | n.fem | tongs | GED | ||||
| Old Low German: | tanga | n.fem | tongs, forceps | ASD | ||||
| Old High German: | zāhi | adj | tough, tenacious, holding together | W7/ASD | ||||
| zanga | n.fem | tong(s), forceps | GED | |||||
| zangar | n | wound, cautery | GED | |||||
| Middle High German: | zāch | n.str.masc | wick | GED | ||||
| zāhe | n.wk.masc | wick | GED | |||||
| zanger | adj | sharp, keen, lively | GED | |||||
| German: | zāhe | adj | tough, tenacious, holding together | ASD | ||||
| Zange | n.fem | tongs | LRC | |||||
| Zink | n | zinc | W7 | |||||
| N-Germanic | ||||||||
| Old Norse: | tangi | n | tang, point of land | W7 | ||||
| tǫng | n.fem | tong | LRC | |||||
| Old Icelandic: | tāg | n.fem | fiber | GED | ||||
| tǫng | n.fem | tongs | GED | |||||
| Icelandic: | tæja | vb | to card/comb (wool) | GED | ||||
| töng | n.fem | tongs, forceps | ASD | |||||
| Norwegian: | tæja | vb | to fray (re: a garment) | GED | ||||
| E-Germanic | ||||||||
| Gothic: | *dis-taheins | n.fem | dispersion | GED | ||||
| *dis-tahjan | vb.wk.I | to scatter, disperse | GED | |||||
| *tahjan | vb.wk.I | to tear apart | GED | |||||
| Albanian | ||||||||
| Albanian: | danë/darë | n | tongs | GED | ||||
| Hellenic | ||||||||
| Greek: | δάκνω | vb | to bite, lacerate | GED | ||||
| Indic | ||||||||
| Sanskrit: | daṁśati | vb | to bite, lacerate | GED | ||||
| dáśati | vb | to bite, lacerate | GED | |||||
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |