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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 4. der-, heavy-base derə-, drē- 'to cut, skin, split, tear'

Semantic Fields: to Cut; Skin, Hide; to Split

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	drenn	n	quarrel	GED
Cornish:	darn	n	piece, portion, fragment	GED
Welsh:	darn	n	piece, portion, fragment	GED/RPN
English
Old English:	taru	n	tear, rent	RPN
	teart	adj	sharp, severe	W7
	teran, tær, tǣron, toren	vb.str.IV	to tear (apart), lacerate	GED/RPN/ASD
	torn	n.str.masc	anger	GED
Middle English:	tart	adj	tart	W7
	teren	vb	to tear	W7
	terren	vb	to quarrel	GED
	teter	n	tetter	W7
English:	dahl	n	pigeon pea; stewed lentils/legumes	AHD
	-derm	n.sfx	skin, covering	AHD/W7
	-derma	n.sfx	skin (ailment)	AHD/W7
	dermato-	pfx	re: skin	AHD
	derris	n	tropical leguminous Old World shrub/vine	AHD/W7
	dhurrie	n	flat-woven cotton rug	AHD
	epidermis	n	outer, epithelial layer of skin	AHD/W7
	phelloderm	n	tissue produced inwardly by cork cambium	AHD
	tare	n	weed	IEW
	tart	adj	pungent, agreeably sharp to taste	AHD/W7
	tear, tore, torn	vb.str	to rend, separate/pull apart by force	AHD/W7
	tetter	n	vesicular skin disease (e.g. herpes, ringworm, eczema)	AHD/W7
	turd	n.vulg	dung, feces, piece of excrement	AHD
W-Germanic
Old Frisian:	tera	vb.str.IV	to tear apart	GED
	tornig	adj	angry	GED
Dutch:	tarwe	n	wheat	TLL
	toorn	n.neut	anger	ASD
	torn	n	division	GED
	tornen	vb	to undo; depart	GED
Old Saxon:	farterian	vb.wk	to devour	GED
	terian	vb.str.IV	to tear (apart)	GED/RPN
	torn	n.neut	grief, affliction	ASD
	torn	n.str.masc	anger	GED
Middle Low German:	terren	vb	to quarrel	GED
Low German:	terren	vb	to excite	GED
Old High German:	firzeran	vb.str.IV	to tear apart	GED
	zeran	vb.str.IV	to rend, tear (apart), destroy	GED/RPN
	zerren	vb.wk	to tear	GED
	zorn	n.str.masc	grief, anger, jealousy, excitement	GED
Middle High German:	traz	n	spite	W7
	verzern	vb.wk	to devour	GED
	zornig	adj	angry	GED
German:	Trotz	n.masc	defiance	LRC
	trotz	prep	in spite of	TLL
	verzehren	vb	to devour	LRC
	Zorn	n.masc	grief, anger	LRC
	zornig	adj	angry	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Norse:	trauðr	adj	unwilling, reluctant	LRC
Old Icelandic:	trefill	n	rag, tatter	RPN
	trefr	n	fringe(s)	RPN
	tröf	n	fringe(s)	RPN
Danish:	trods	prep	in spite of	TLL
Swedish:	trots	prep	in spite of	TLL
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*af-taurnan	vb.wk.IV	to tear off	GED/RPN
	*dis-tairan	vb.str.IV	to rend, tear apart	GED
	*dis-taurnan	vb.wk.IV	to tear apart	GED/RPN
	*ga-tairan	vb.str.IV	to break, destroy, tear down/apart	GED
	*ga-tarnjan	vb.wk.I	to rob, take away	GED/RPN
	*ga-taurnan	vb.wk.IV	to tear, cease, vanish, be destroyed	GED
	*ga-taurþs	n.fem	destruction	GED
	*tarmjan	vb.wk.I	to break forth	GED
Italic
Late Latin:	epidermis	n.fem	epidermis	W7
New Latin:	-derma	sfx	skin	W7
French:	-derme	sfx	skin	W7
Baltic
Lithuanian:	diriù, derù, dìrti	vb	to flay	RPN
	dir̃ti	vb	to tear, flay	GED
Latvian:	dur̃ns	adj	confused	GED
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	derǫ, dьrǫ, dьrati	vb	to flay, tear apart	GED/RPN
Russian:	dertь	n	cleared land	GED
	drápat', drapát'	vb.dial	to scrape, scratch	RPN
Albanian
Albanian:	drapër	n	sickle	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	δέρμα	n.neut	skin	GED
	derris	n.fem	skin	W7
	δέρω	vb	to skin, flay	GED
	δορός	n	leather bag	GED
	δρέπανον	n	scythe	RPN
	δρέπω	vb	to cull, pluck	RPN
	epidermis	n.fem	skin	W7
Anatolian
Hittite:	tarna-	vb	to leave	GED
Armenian
Armenian:	teṙem	vb	to flay	GED/RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	dərətō	vb	to split	GED
Indic
Sanskrit:	dárt	vb	to burst	GED
	dīrṇás	adj	split, confused	GED
	dŕ̥ṭiṣ	n	leather bag	GED
	dr̥ṇā́ti	vb	to rend, tear, split, (cause to) burst	GED/RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
IV	=	class 4
adj	=	adjective
dial	=	dialectal
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
prep	=	preposition
sfx	=	suffix
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
vulg	=	vulgar
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
IEW	=	Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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