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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: 3. deu-, deu̯ə-, du̯ā-, dū- 'to pass, move forward'

Semantic Field: to Overtake

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
English
Old English:	tȳrian/tēorian	vb.wk	to tire, faint, fail, cease	W7/ASD
Middle English:	durable	adj	durable	W7
	duren	vb	to last	W7
	during	prep	during	W7
	perdurable	adj	perdurable	W7
	tyren	vb	to tire	W7
English:	deontology	n	theory/study of moral obligation	AHD/W7
	deuteragonist	n	actor taking 2nd part in classical Greek drama	AHD/W7
	deuterium	n	hydrogen isotope with one neutron	AHD/W7
	deutero-	pfx	second (2nd)	AHD
	Deuteronomy	prop.n	2nd statement of Judaic law	AHD/CDC
	durable	adj	able to endure	AHD/W7
	durance	n	imprisonment	AHD/W7
	duration	n	continuance in time	AHD
	during	prep	throughout duration of	AHD/W7
	perdurable	adj	very durable	AHD/W7
	thermoduric	adj	able to survive temperature extremes	AHD/W7
	tire	vb	to become weary	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Dutch:	gedurende	prep	during	TLL
Old Saxon:	far-terian	vb	to destroy	ASD
Middle High German:	zouwen	vb	to hasten, proceed	RPN
Italic
Latin:	durabilis	adj	lasting	W7
	dūrō, dūrāre	vb	to harden, endure	ELD
	indūrō, indūrāre, indūrāvī, indūrātus	vb	to harden, make hard	ELD
	obdūrō, obdūrāre, obdūrāvī, obdūrātus	vb	to be hard, hold out	ELD
	perdūrō, perdūrāre	vb	to last, endure	ELD
Late Latin:	perdurabilis	adj	perdurable	W7
New Latin:	deuterium	n.neut	hydrogen isotope	W7
Portuguese:	durante	prep	during	TLL
Spanish:	durante	prep	during	TLL
Old French:	durer	vb	to last	W7
	perdurable	adj	durable	W7
Middle French:	durable	adj	lasting	W7
	durance	n.fem	period during which something lasts	W7
	durer	vb	to last	W7
Italian:	durante	prep	during	TLL
Slavic
Old Church Slavonic:	davьnъ	adj	ancient, long-standing	RPN
	davě	adj	ancient, long-standing	RPN
Hellenic
Greek:	δεῖ	vb.3.sg	it is necessary	LRC
	deon	n.neut	that which is obligatory	W7
	deuteragōnistēs	n.masc	deuteragonist	W7
	δεύτερος/δευτερ-	adj/pfx	second	LRC
	δήν	adv	long, far (of time/place)	RPN
Anatolian
Hittite:	tu-u-wa	adv	afar, to a distance	RPN
	tu-u-wa-la	n.neut.pl	long distance	RPN
Iranian
Old Persian:	dūradaša	adv	from afar	RPN
	dūraiy	adv	far away, far and wide	RPN
	duvaišta-	adj	very long, very far	RPN
Avestan:	dūrāt̰	adv	far	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	dávati	vb	to go	RPN
	daváyati	vb	to remove, make distant	RPN
	daviṣṭhá-ḥ	adj.sup	farthest	RPN
	dávīyas-	adj.comp	farther	RPN
	dūtá-ḥ	n	envoy, messenger	RPN
	dūrá-ḥ	adj	far, remote, distant	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
3	=	3rd person
adj	=	adjective
adv	=	adverb(ial)
comp	=	comparative
fem	=	feminine (gender)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pfx	=	prefix
pl	=	plural (number)
prep	=	preposition
prop	=	proper
sg	=	singular (number)
sup	=	superlative
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
ELD	=	Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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