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Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Note: this page is for systems/browsers with Unicode^® support and fonts spanning the Unicode 3 character set relevant to Indo-European languages. Versions of this page rendered in alternate character sets are available via links (see Unicode 2 and ISO-8859-1) in the left margin.

Pokorny Etymon: dhē(i)-, also dh-ei-? 'to suck, suckle'

Semantic Field: to Suck, Suckle

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language	Reflex(es)	PoS/Gram.	Gloss	Source(s)
Celtic
Old Irish:	denaid	vb	to suck	RPN
	díth	vb.past.pass.ptc	sucked	RPN
English
Old English:	delu	n.fem	teat, nipple	GED
	dēon	vb	to suck	RPN
	diend	n	suckling	RPN
	finol/finul/fynel/fenol	n.masc	fennel	ASD
	finugl/finu(g)le	n.fem	fennel	W7/ASD
Middle English:	effeminate	adj	effeminate	W7
	fecund	adj	fecund	W7
	felicite	n	felicity	W7
	femelle, female, femel	n	female	W7
	feminine	adj	feminine	W7
	fenel	n	fennel	W7
	fenugrek	n	fenugreek	W7
	filial	adj	filial	W7
	foun	n	fawn	W7
	infelicite	n	infelicity	W7
English:	affiliate	n	affiliated person/organization	W7
	affiliate	vb	to bring/receive into connection as branch/member	AHD/W7
	effeminate	adj	unmanly, having unsuitable feminine qualities	AHD/W7
	effete	adj	no longer fertile	AHD/W7
	endothelium	n	epithelium of mesoblastic origin	AHD/W7
	epithelium	n	membranous cellular tissue covering free surface/lining tube/cavity of animal body	AHD/W7
	fawn	n	young deer	AHD/W7
	fecund	adj	prolific/fruitful in offspring/vegetation	AHD/W7
	felicific	adj	causing/intended to cause happiness	AHD/W7
	felicitate	adj	made happy	AHD/W7
	felicity	n	happy	AHD/W7
	fellatio	n	oral stimulation of penis	AHD/W7
	female	n	sex that produces eggs/bears young	AHD/W7
	feme	n	wife, woman	AHD
	feminine	adj	re: female	AHD/W7
	fennel	n	perennial European herb	AHD/W7
	fenugreek	n	leguminous annual Asiatic herb	AHD/W7
	fetal	adj	re: fetus	AHD/W7
	feticide	n	act/instance of killing fetus	AHD/W7
	fetus	n	unborn/unhatched vertebrate	AHD/W7
	filial	adj	re: son/daughter	AHD/W7
	filiate	vb	to determine paternity judicially	AHD
	fils	n	son (vs. father with same given name)	AHD
	finoc(c)hio	n	sweet fennel	AHD
	infelicitous	adj	inappropriate in expression/application	W7
	infelicity	n	state/quality of being infelicitous	AHD/W7
	mesothelium	n	epithelium derived from mesoderm	AHD/W7
	sainfoin	n	Eurasian pink-flowered leguminous forage herb	AHD/W7
	superfetate	vb	to conceive again while pregnant	AHD/CDC
	theelin	n	estrone	AHD/W7
W-Germanic
Middle Low German:	dīen/tīen	vb	to suckle	GED
Low German:	daiern	vb	to raise on milk	GED/RPN
Old High German:	fenachal/fenihil	n	fennel	ASD
	tāan/tāen	vb	to suckle	GED/RPN
	tila	n.fem	teat	GED
Middle High German:	venchel	n.masc	fennel	ASD
German:	Fenchel	n.masc	fennel	ASD
	Filiale	n.fem	branch, agency, chain store	LRC
N-Germanic
Old Icelandic:	dilkr	n.str.masc	young animal	GED
Old Swedish:	dīa	vb	to suckle	GED
	dæggia	vb.wk	to suckle	GED/RPN
Swedish:	del	n	teat	GED
E-Germanic
Gothic:	*daddjan	vb.wk.I	to suckle	GED/RPN
Italic
Latin:	effemino, effemināre, effeminavi, effeminatus	vb	to make effeminate	W7
	effetus	adj	tired (by excesses/from giving birth)	W7
	fecundus	adj	fertile, fruitful	W7
	felicitas, felicitatis	n.fem	happiness	W7
	felix, felicis	adj	happy	W7
	fello, fellare, fellavi, fellatus	vb	to suck	W7
	felō, felāre	vb	to suck, suckle	RPN
	femella	n.fem.dim	little girl	W7
	fēmina, fēminae	n.fem	female, woman	LRC
	femininus	adj	feminine	W7
	feniculum	n.neut.dim	fennel	W7
	fēnum	n.neut	hay	AHD
	fetus	adj	fruitful, pregnant	W7
	fetus	n.masc	brood, offspring; act of bearing young	W7
	fīlia	n.fem	daughter	RPN
	fīlius, fīlii	n.masc	son	LRC
	infelicitas	n.fem	infelicity	W7
	infelix, infelicis	adj	unhappy	W7
Vulgar Latin:	feto, fetonis	n.masc	offspring	W7
Late Latin:	felicito, felicitāre, felicatāvī, felicitatus	vb	to make happy	W7
	filialis	adj	filial	W7
Medieval Latin:	affiliō, affiliāre, affiliavi, affiliatus	vb	to adopt as son	W7
New Latin:	endothelium	n.neut	linings on inside of body	W7
	epithelium	n.neut	covering of inner mouth	W7
	fellatio, fellationis	n.fem	fellatio	W7
	fetus	n.masc	embryo	W7
	mesothelium	n.neut	epithelium lining body cavities	W7
Portuguese:	feno	n	hay	TLL
	filha	n	daughter	TLL
	filho	n	son	TLL
Spanish:	heno	n	hay	TLL
	hija	n	daughter	TLL
	hijo	n	son	TLL
Anglo-French:	feme	n	feme	AHD
Middle French:	faon	n.masc	animal young	W7
	fecond	adj	fertile	W7
	felicité	adj	felicity, happiness	W7
	femelle	n.fem	female, woman	W7
	feminin	adj	feminine	W7
	fenugrec	n.masc	fenugreek	W7
	feon	n.masc	animal young	W7
	sainfoin	n.masc	sainfoin	W7
French:	femme	n	woman	TLL
	fille	n	daughter	TLL
	fils	n.masc	son	AHD
	foin	n	hay	TLL
	sainfoin	n.masc	sainfoin (cultivated as cattle fodder)	W7
Italian:	fieno	n	hay	TLL
	figlia	n	daughter	TLL
	figlio	n	son	TLL
	finocchio	n.masc	fennel, finochio	AHD
Baltic
Old Prussian:	dadan	n	milk	RPN
Lithuanian:	dėlė	n	leech	GED
Latvian:	dêju, dêt	vb	to suck	GED/RPN
	dẽle	n	leech	GED
	dēls	n	son	RPN
	dīle	n	suckling calf	GED
Slavic
Serbo-Croatian:	dojka	n	breast	RPN
	dòjiti	vb	to suckle	RPN
Old Church Slavonic:	dojǫ, dojiti	vb	to suckle; to milk	GED/RPN
	děva	n	maiden, young girl	RPN
	děvica	n.fem	girl, virgin	LRC
	dětь	n	child	GED/RPN
Albanian
Albanian:	dele	n	sheep	GED
	djathë	n	cheese	RPN
Hellenic
Hesychius' Greek Lexicon:	θήνιον	n	milk	RPN
Homeric Greek:	θῆλυς	adj	female	GED/RPN
Greek:	θηλάζω	vb	to suckle	RPN
	θηλή	n	teat, nipple	RPN
	θῆσθαι	vb	to suckle	RPN
Anatolian
Luwian:	ti-i-ta-ni	n.dat/loc	breast, teat	RPN
	ti-ta-i-(im-)me-iš	n	mother	RPN
Lycian:	tideimi-	n	child, son	RPN
Hittite:	teta(n)-, tita(n)	n	breast, teat	RPN
	ti-ta-an-za	vb.ptc	sucking	RPN
	*titiya-	vb	to suckle	RPN
Armenian
Armenian:	diem	vb	to suck	GED/RPN
Iranian
Avestan:	-dāenuš	n	female animal	GED
Ossetic:	däïn	vb	to suck	RPN
	däyun	vb	to suck	RPN
Indic
Sanskrit:	dháyati	vb	to suck, drink	GED/RPN
	dhātrī́	n	nurse	RPN
	dhāpáyate	vb.caus	to give suck, nourish	RPN
	dhā́yas-	n	nourishing, refreshing	RPN
	dhāyú-ḥ	n	voracious???	RPN
	dhārúṣ	vb.ptc	sucking	GED
	dhenú-ḥ	n	milk	RPN

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev.		Meaning
I	=	class 1
adj	=	adjective
caus	=	causative
dat	=	dative (case)
dim	=	diminutive
fem	=	feminine (gender)
loc	=	locative (case)
masc	=	masculine (gender)
n	=	noun
neut	=	neuter (gender)
pass	=	passive (voice)
past	=	past (tense)
ptc	=	participle
str	=	strong (inflection)
vb	=	verb
wk	=	weak (inflection)

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code		Citation
AHD	=	Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD	=	Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC	=	W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
GED	=	Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986)
LRC	=	Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
RPN	=	Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002)
TLL	=	Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7	=	Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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